Adventure Stories in Children?S Literature

Adventure is an important part of children's psyche. Children often dream of strange fortunes, great feats, exciting events, long trips, and everything they can be drawn to from the monotony of everyday life. Heroes of adventure stories are mostly sailors, pirates, cowboys and Indians, convicts, researchers, adventurers and solitaires of all types. The concept of adventure story is quite simple: brave, strong and resourceful hero must make a difficult task, and overcome a lot of danger, but in the end, he wins. The most important features of adventure stories are a romantic setting, an unusual situation, and the special vitality of characters. The beginnings of adventure genre are found in Homer? s Odyssey, Cervantes? s Don Quijote, biblical motifs and medieval novels. Europeans and North Americans were having many real-life adventures in the nineteenth century: explorers were seeking the North Pole, Florence Nightingale was pioneering for female independence as a director of nursing in the Crimean War, and a railroad was being constructed across the United States. If a person could not go to a remote region and overcome the perils lurking there, the best next adventure was the vicarious one offered through books. (Norton, Donna: 59). The most popular writers of children's adventure novels are Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mark Twain, J. F. Cooper, Zane Grey, Karl May, Howard Pyle, Jules Verne etc. I will introduce you to the most famous writers of adventure stories in children? s literature. Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 in London, to James and Alice Foe. His father worked as a butcher and the young Daniel regretted the fact that he could not attend a prestigious school, such as Oxford or Cambridge. Defoe tried his best to be a gentleman, even changing his name from Foe to Defoe. As a result of his controversial writings, Defoe was arrested, imprisoned for a period of time, tried, and sentenced to pay a fine and to stand three times in the pillory. His novel Robinson Crusoe was published in 1719. The story is about a young man who strongly desires to become a sailor. In spite of his family's opposition, he runs away to go to sea. His adventures lead him all over the world, but his most important journey is a spiritual one. The novel is basically about the life and adventures of Crusoe on the island, where he arrived after a shipwreck. A series of disasters happen to him as punishment for his rebellious nature. For example he was forced to spend twenty-eight years of his life on that deserted island. On the island, Crusoe is transformed. As he searches for peace, he must come to grips with his relationship to God. When he finally acknowledges his own Christianity, all the rebelliousness is driven out of him and he begins to live a peaceful existence on the island. This book was inspired by the true story of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor. Robert Louis Stevenson admired it, saying that the footprint scene in Crusoe was one of the greatest in English literature, and most unforgettable: â€Å"One day, about noon, going towards my boat, I was exceedingly surprised with the print of a man's naked foot on the shore, which was very plain to be seen on the sand. This scene was a prelude to his meeting with Friday, one of the savages, whom Crusoe rescues from his captors. Crusoe â€Å"civilizes† Friday and converts him to Christianity. Friday remains faithful to Crusoe until the end. It is not known how Defoe, living in London, came to know enough to write a story about ships, sailing, pirates, and savages. No matter the sources for Robinson Crusoe, it is definitely an entertaining and re alistic adventure tale. Although not written for children, this book was extremely popular with them. It has inspired a new genre, the Robinsonade as works like The Swiss Family Robinson (1812) by Johann David Wyss. Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift was born in 1667 in Dublin, Ireland. Not only he had been involved in some of the most important and heated political events of the time, but he was also a well-known political journalist and satirist whose style was, to say the least, distinctive. He wrote a masterpiece named Gulliver? s Travels (1726). It is a tale of a surgeon Lemuel Gulliver as he voyages to the strange lands. As you follow Gulliver through four traumatic voyages, you are exposed to a host of creatures and situations and systems of their devising. The book consists of four parts where the stories of Gulliver's experiences among dwarfs and giants are best known. It was written as a satire, but it was read by children for its humor and adventure. Allegory is one of Swift's most important satirical tools which means that characters, situations, and places have a significance that goes beyond simply what they are in themselves. It shows Jonathan's desire to encourage people to read deeper and not take things for granted. Since in this book he wrote about certain political figures, he published the book anonymously. He could never have actually named real names in his novel. It didn't take long for people to catch on to the fact that the author was writing about England. And it also didn't take long for the public to discover that the author was Jonathan Swift. Swift's satire is designed to keep you an independent reader, the characters are meant to stimulate you, not to lead you. Swift's aim in this book is for you to come to terms with your ideas on some important questions regarding humanity and to be aware of the factors that influence your beliefs. The novel is written in the form of a travel book. Swift chose this device because travel tends to change our perspective on the world around us. As Gulliver voyages, and we voyage with him, his (and our) viewpoint changes according to the place(s) in which he finds himself and the things that happen to him there. Robert Louis Stevenson Stevenson was born in 1850 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He suffered from tuberculosis and often travelled abroad in search for a healthy climate. His childish mind was greatly developed by his nurse and her stories of ghosts and fairies. Christened as ‘Robert Lewis Balfour', at the age of 18 he dropped the name Balfour and changed his middle name from Lewis to Louis. His first major sucess was Treasure Island (1883). The story is set in the mid-18 century and owes a little in style to Robinson Crusoe. This story had an interesting beginning. While trying to entertain his stepson, Stevenson drew a watercolor map of an island, then followed his drawing with the now famous story of pirates, buried treasure, and a young boy? s adventures. (Norton, Donna: 60). After the mysterious death of the old sailor, the main character Jim Hawkins finds a map of the island with hidden treasure. He wanted to see if it was a true treasure map so he got a crew and they set sail. On their way to the island, Hawkins and his friends will be confronted with the pirates who want the treasure for themselves. Treasure Island is an exciting adventure story, filled with morals that need to be incubated into a growing child. The author narrates these through the protagonist, Jim Hawkins, who is an immature, naturally curious and adventurous young boy. Stevenson? s other famous work is Kidnapped (1886). David Balfour is the protagonist of the book. At the age of sixteen, he is an orphan with youthful dreams that are interrupted by his wicked uncle. He has David kidnapped, hoping to have him sent to America and sold as a slave so he can be the sole inheritor of his nephew? s fortune. The main theme of Kidnapped is good conquers evil. It is both an adventure story and a historical novel. David Balfour's adventures created enough thrill, excitement, and suspense to become a children's classic almost immediately. It is also valued as a novel that relates the history of Scotland in the 18th century. Stevenson never intended to be a writer of adventure stories, but with Treasure Island and Kidnapped he brought that genre to the peak of its achievement in the 19th century and inspired many later writers. His influence can be seen in such diverse works as James Matthew Barrie? s Peter Pan. Mark Twain Mark Twain was born as Samuel Clemens in 1835 in Florida, Missouri. After the beginning of the Civil War he became a reporter, starting to use the pseudonym Mark Twain. He was the greatest American writer of realistic adventure. Twain grew up in the river town of Hannibal, Missouri, where he lived many of the adventures about which he later wrote. His humorous tales of human nature, especially The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), remain standard texts in high school and college literature classes. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a fun-filled adventure story, where the author looks at life through the eyes of boys approaching their teenage years. Through them, Twain reveals that life is an adventure – filled with fun, romance, surprises, humor, sorrow, and fear. Growing up along the Mississippi River, Tom and his best friend Huck play hooky, pull pranks, and even run away to become pirates. The boys are not presented in a romantic manner; instead, they reflect the realities of life. Twain once said that he began writing Tom Sawyer as the recollections of his boyhood memories, and the characters in the book are based upon real people from the author’s childhood. This is much more than a children’s book; it is truly a timeless, classic about childhood that is simply set in an earlier, more peaceful and idyllic time. In the same year (1876) when The Adventures of Tom Sawyer was published, Twain began its sequel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which he called â€Å"another boy’s book. † Huck Finn, a boy of about 12 years, is the son of the town drunk. Widow Douglas adopts him so that she can civilize him and raise him to be a gentleman. Although she is kind and attentive, he is uncomfortable and feels stifled at her house. He does not like going to school, attending church, or wearing neat clothes. Huck must make a difficult decision about whether or not to turn in Jim, a runaway slave, who becomes a friend to him. The novel has a more serious tone than The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, for it deals with social issues like racial prejudice and slavery. This book has been repeatedly restricted in American high scools for its frequent use of the word  «nigger », which was a common term when the book was written. Twain was a master in using colloquial speech and helped to create distinctive American literature built on American themes and language. The Prince and the Pauper (1882) is a story of two boys born on the same day who are physically identical. The story is set in the 16th century, England, under the reign of the autocratic ruler, Henry VIII. During this period, the rich lived in the lap of luxury, while the poor struggled to survive. Edward Tudor, Prince of Wales and son of Henry VIII, lives in the palace, while Tom Canty, a beggar and the son of the drunkard, John Canty, lives in poverty. Through a chance encounter, the two boys exchange roles and experience life as the other. The Prince and the Pauper is a children's adventure tale, since it is narrated in a simple style. but it also contains the elements of social criticism. Conclusion Adventure is something that comes out of the frame of everyday life. Adventure stories in children? s literature are filled with strange journeys, shipwrecks, pirates, looking for the hidden treasure, life on a deserted island etc. Frequency of travel corresponds to children's wishes and their psychology, because children love to travel. All the above-mentioned writers were a little bit strange: they changed their names and were extremely introverted. Society did not understand them. On the basis of their uniqueness, they wrote their most famous pieces. References 1. Norton, Donna. Through the Eyes of a Child: An Introduction to Children? s Literature. 2. Carpenter, Humphrey and Prichard, Mari. The Oxford Companion to Children? s Literature.

Beyond The Last Lamp and During Wind And Rain Essay

Compare the ways in which Hardy presents reactions to the loss of loved ones in these two poems Thomas Hardy uses change and passing time as symbols of death and loss in both poems: Beyond The Last Lamp and During Wind And Rain. The title, Beyond The Last Lamp, is a metaphorical way of describing darkness as the lamp signifies light and beyond light lies darkness, a representation of pain and misery. The whole poem revolves around a supposedly grieving, mysterious couple that the speaker observes over time. During Wind And Rain is also a depressing title as the rain suggests anguish and sorrow. The wind suggests progressing time, which could be seen as life, and perhaps death because that’s what life ultimately leads up to. A family is the subject of this poem and the speaker, again, tracks their progression over time. It is said that the poem is about the family of Emma Hardy, Thomas Hardy’s wife. Time represents and is represented by several different objects in both poems. Both poems use stanzas (Beyond The Last Lamp has five stanzas and During Wind And Rain has four) to develop ideas throughout the poem and show the passing time. ‘Ah, no; the years O!’ and ‘Ah, no; the years, the years;’ are alternately used as the penultimate line in each stanza of During Wind And Rain. This gives a sense of time moving at a fast pace and it being terrible and only bringing misery as the line is followed by an image of death. Place is used in powerful metaphors associated with time, life and death, and it gives the poem its atmosphere. Beyond The Last Lamp is set in a wet, dark lane, setting a heavy and depressing atmosphere. Even the light used in the poem is used to accentuate distress, ‘Each countenance as it slowly, as it sadly caught the lamplight’s yellow glance, held in suspense a misery’. There is also a close association between people and place as the speaker only remembers the lane through the couple: ‘Without those comrades†¦that lone lane does not exist’. Contrastingly, the atmosphere of During Wind And Rain is lively and happy for the first four lines of the stanza, as it focuses on a garden and family, however, it seems like the cheerful recollection ends with an ellipsis and the speaker is almost shaken back to reality. The last line of the stanza shows the place and nature in a dramatic and ghastly way, a clashing chord to the beginning: ‘How the sick leaves reel down in throngs’, showing the uncontrollable nature of death and the autumn season. ‘Reel’ connects with the previous to lines about music, ‘they sing their dearest songs’ since as a noun it means an Irish or Scottish folk dance. ‘And the rotten rose is ript from the wall’ uses alliteration to dramatize and emphasise the suddenness and horrific nature of death. Place is used to represent time, the stanzas show a progression of seasons: ‘summer tree’. Place is also used to describe the family going to heaven: ‘They change to a high new house’. The garden is also like a metaphor for life as it shows how people try and control it although it’s uncontrollable: ‘they clear the creeping moss†¦making the pathways neat’. People are the main focal points for both poems whether it is a family or a couple. The speaker writes as an outsider, an observer of these people. The couple in Beyond The Last Lamp are first described as ‘two linked loiterers’ which is then developed to ‘the pair seemed lovers’ in the second stanza, ‘twain’, in the third, ‘tragic pair’ and then ‘comrades’. Through this change in description, the speaker’s change in perspective and opinion of the couple’s relationship is visible as they deteriorate from lovers to tragic pair. Although there is deterioration, the pain is present from the beginning of the poem. Absence of happiness is used to create the sad feeling of the poem. Time represents a change for the worse. Their emotions follow a similar pattern and can also be traced from ‘heavy thought’ in the first stanza, to ‘misery’ in the second to ‘wild woe’ in the third. The actual change from happiness to misery isn’t shown extensively in the poem, but it is hinted at: ‘no longer orbed in love’s young rays’. However, the family’s relationships seem to remain intact throughout During Wind And Rain. The family of During Wind And Rain are shown as happy but unaware of the way time and death can remove everything: ‘they are blithely’. This almost naà ¯ve unawareness and the sudden, unexpected loss of happiness is used to emphasise feelings of pain. Time and their growth is shown by the differing description of its members: ‘Elders and juniors’ to ‘Men and maidens’. But they all die in the last stanza: ‘Down their carved names the rain-drop ploughs’. Time in this case repres ents death. The speaker has two very different styles in the poems although the perspectives are just as pessimistic about life and time. The already pessimistic perspective of the speaker also worsens as the poem progresses.   

Looking for logical fallacies by both genders Essay

Looking for logical fallacies by both genders - Essay Example on’s wife plots to murder him on the fallacy of equivocation because she believes it will enable their adulterous affair with Aesgisthus to succeed and also own the family wealth. The decision to capture Cassandra, the daughter of the defeated Trojan king by Agamemnon is another manifestation of the appeal to tradition when family members suffered because of their parent’s evil during war. The above fallacies, therefore, have deeper meanings in critically examining the play. Clytemnestra murderous plot, for instance, demonstrates the wickedness that women commit when restrain lacks in society because of flimsy reasons such as the sacrifice of one’s daughter. Contrastingly, the logical fallacy in Agamemnon’s capture of Cassandra reveals the theme of women’s subjugation during conflicts such as wars and tragedies (Aeschylus 14). These scenarios make them vulnerable to the whims of evil men such as Agamemnon who faces revenge from his own household. It equally exposes the breakdown of families when resolving conflicts especially where differences range from jealousy to

Compassionate Care in Cancer Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compassionate Care in Cancer Management - Essay Example Compassionate care is an approach to treatment that aims to address the various issues affecting the lives of terminally ill individuals by improving their quality of life. Medical physicians and other healthcare personnel work to reduce any pain and discomfort and to make any other specific symptoms affecting these patients more manageable. This care is provided within an environment that the patients feels the most comfortable though they may be taken to hospital in the event any serious medical crisis occurs requiring specialized treatment. An important aspect of compassionate care is the provision of spiritual and psychological support to the terminally ill patients. These people have terminal diseases that are incurable and therefore have a limited time to live. As such, they suffer many psychological problems such as the feelings of grief, anger, anxiety, and sorrow because of the various diseases they have and the changes that have occurred in their lives because of those illnesses. In addition, they might feel a sense of guilt due to the feeling they are placing a large burden on their families, especially financial burden as the treatment of these diseases is very costly. Providing psychological and spiritual support to these patients is very important as it helps to address the various questions and concerns that they might have and to offer comfort as their lives draw closer to an end. It also helps those left behind to cope with the loss of the loved ones who have passed on. Erving Goffman established an important perspective to understand further the symbolic interaction perspective through the dramaturgical approach (Ditton, 78).

Changing Roles of Women over Time Research Paper - 1

Changing Roles of Women over Time - Research Paper Example The overall impact of the research will be recollected in the conclusion. Works cited page would be added to a last page of the document. Women in present times are free and happy as compared to the women in last century or before. Over the centuries, women have been thought of a lesser creature, always under subjugation by males in the form of father, brother, husband or boyfriend. After living for centuries under the domination of men, women even tend to forget they were free. This situation started changing over last century especially in Europe and America where women started achieving more freedom. In the nineteenth century and before, women had a very less breathing space and rights. Many families and especially women were raised to behave in a certain way. It was almost a law and the way of being. Women were not given freedom since the beginning of time mainly on the pretext of being physically weak. Women were able to attend schools not very far back in time. Along the year's women rights have grown from very few to too many by now. The women had been suppressed based on self-defense, economic well being, empl oyment, sex, harassment, family, abortion and many more reasons. The movement for women’s rights arose in the early 19th century as an offshoot of abolitionism, the anti-slavery movement that declared each human being to be a self-owner. As with other abolitionists, the early feminists were individualists who drew inspiration from the Declaration of Independence and its principles of individual rights and responsibility. â€Å"The first women’s Rights convention was held in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York. Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave a speech about the Declaration of Sentiments. During this speech, she declared that men and women are created equal. This is truly considered the beginning of the women’s movement† (Women and freedom).

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership - Research Paper Example As such, Whitman’s ultimate leadership strength was her knowledge of when to allow a sense of effect to develop and when to continue on (Suriyamurthi et al., 2013). Similarly, with respect to the second determinant listed above, Whitman’s exhibits the importance of tailoring and â€Å"lasering† her management message to meet the given needs within the specific workgroup she seeks to integrate with. This is a skill that many might otherwise overlook; however, it is one of the utmost importance due to the fact that without the ability to target the given shareholder with identifiable and gripping information, no matter how important the subject or how great the need to increase sales might be, the message will doubtless appear flat and otherwise stale (Dries & Pepermans, 2012). Comparatively, Whitman utilizes keen levels of communication to engage stakeholders with the excitement and uniqueness of HP’s product designs; serving to drum up support and interest for the products long before they were even able to integrate with the consumer market. As a means of presenting herself as the sole individual on an otherwise empty stage and methodically yet engagingly discussing these products with both a physical and multimedia audience, Whitman is able to convey a sense of leadership awe and excitement that would likely not have been engaged by a lesser CEO (SCHAUBROECK et al., 2012). With regards to the second determinant, Whitman seemingly has a type of built-in understanding for the type of language that would grip the consumer and provide them with a sense of awe with regards to the given product; further representing a dynamic level of leadership that helped to hone the marketing prowess with which she seeks to engage the consumer and define the organization by effectively representing its culture. As a function of this, her communication style is not one that wandered from topic to topic during the few brief minutes which she engages wit h the public. Rather, there is a direct point, key functionalities, and technical specifications that are related to the would-be user within terms that would not frighten those that otherwise would not have a great deal of technical expertise or understanding (Senn et al., 2013). This primary knowledge of the market with which she was ultimately engaging was the primal reason why HP has become such a fixture of US technology and engineering that it is today. Moreover, Whitman herself is a unique example of a management professional that was actually responsible for the development of the final product rather than merely a CEO that oversees projects completed under her watch. As a function of this technical standpoint from which Whitman necessarily approaches the business world, her communication style differentiates extensively from that of other leaders and managers (Muethel et al., 2012). Yet with regards to the means whereby Whitman was effectively able to utilize both verbal an d non-verbal communication

Israel and the Palestinians (SLP) Module 4 Essay

Israel and the Palestinians (SLP) Module 4 - Essay Example This continued immigration raised the alarm and eventually, fighting between the Zionists and indigenous people broke out create intense waves of violence. Within the Mideast Europe, Hitler’s rise to power led to increased immigration of Jews to Palestine thus escalating the situation. After the WWII, the UN decided to intervene on the matter in 1947 resolving that Israel and Palestine relations could only be solved by a third party. However, the resolution led to the allocation of more than 55% of Palestine land under the Israelis. Analytically, the allocation of this land was an instigation of more conflicts as more than 30% of Palestine people were forced to live within 7% area of the Palestine land (MidEastWeb for Coexistence, 2008). There are various issues that face the resolution between Israel and Palestine. For instance, the Palestine lands, such as Gaza Strip and West Bank, that have been confiscated by Israel forces have endured humanitarian crisis such as the torture and abuse of women, men, and children. About 10,000 Palestine men, women, and children are held in Israel prison with most of these awaiting no trials. In addition, there has been heavy border control by Israel military, which has prevented medical and food supplies from entering Palestine. With most Palestine citizens comprising of Muslims, their original homeland has been taken over by Israelis and are unable to return to their self-described land (If Americans Knew, 2014). With reference to the escalating situation, there has been a crisis of negotiating a resolution as various factors are involved. Firstly, as a recommendation, an independent party should oversee the peace talks as nations such as the USA are affiliates to Israel and make part of the UN. Secondly, diplomatic misconduct portrayed by Israel should be met with sanctions such as those applied to Russia for acquiring Crimea from

The Management of Organisational Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Management of Organisational Culture - Essay Example   Summary In both the articles, the authors ascertained that culture plays a decisive role in determining organizational performance. In summary, it can be affirmed that the article â€Å"Issues in Understanding and Changing Culture† signifies or argues more on developing the existence of culture in an organization and on what grounds along with consequences, culture needs to be changed. In contrary, the prescribed article i.e. â€Å"The Management of Organisation Culture† focused on determining whether the organizations would possess one particular culture or many. However, both the authors in relation to the text of organizational culture argued on the subject matter that culture needs to be maintained or changed towards the attainment of organizational targets. ... Comparison and contrast of the main arguments and points discussed in the articles In order to compare the main arguments along with the points as per the discussion made by the authors in the provided articles or texts, it can be apparently observed that both the articles stressed upon revealing the importance of organisation culture and explained how organisation culture plays a key role in the success or failure of an organisation. According to the prescribed article, the authors stated that corporate culture exists in different patterns within a particular organization (Wilcoxson & Millett, n.d.). In contrast, the authors in the chosen article depicted the importance of recognizing the issues in understanding along with changing the culture (Kilmann et. al., 1986). One of the major points discussed by the authors in the prescribed article that culture is developing over preceding years as the individuals or groups belonging to an organization establish diverse patterns of cultura l beliefs or behavioral attitudes. On the other hand, one of the major points discussed by the authors in the chosen article is that the notion of managing an effective corporate culture is still a new concept for the practitioners due to their lack of knowledge in understanding the concepts of corporate or organisational culture (Kilmann et. al., 1986; Wilcoxson & Millett, n.d.). In both the articles, the implications of cultural management and change are being supported by the authors. The article i.e. â€Å"Issues in Understanding and Changing Culture† focus on determining that the process of cultural change depends on how deep is the culture is rooted and whether multiple cultures exists or not in an organization (Mallinger et. al., 2009).  It can be affirmed that the deeper is the level of culture in any organization and the presence of numerous cultural, more difficult and time-consuming would be the cultural change process.

Assessments for Early Childhood Programs Essay Example for Free

Assessments for Early Childhood Programs Essay William J. Wilson once said, â€Å"The person who scored well on an SAT will not necessarily be the best doctor or the best lawyer or the best businessman. These tests do not measure character, leadership, creativity, or perseverance†. Why do we test students? What is the purpose of assessments? Do these tests and assessments benefit the students? These are questions educators have been asking for years. It is impossible for one to determine a child’s academic abilities based solely on a test. Yet there still needs to be some form of assessments performed in order to evaluate the academic level each student has reached. But how much assessing is too much? How heavily do educators rely on the results of these assessments? The main issues, when it comes to assessing early childhood students, are the consequences of the assessment results and how they affect the child. According to The National Academies of Sciences, there are two key principles that support the success of assessment. The first is that the purpose of an assessment should be a guide for assessment decisions. â€Å"The purpose for any assessment must be determined and clearly communicated to all stake- holders before the assessment is designed or implemented. Most important, assessment designed for programs should not be used to assess individual children. Because different purposes require different kinds of assessments, the purpose should drive assessment design and implementation decisions† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). The second principle is that any assessment performed should be completed in a â€Å"coherent system of health, educational, and family support services that promote optimal development for all children. Assessment should be an integral part of a coherent system of early childhood care and education that includes a range of services and resources† (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These two principles explain the main purpose of why assessing is important and how assessments should be conducted. After having an understanding of the purpose of assessments, why is it so important to begin evaluations at such a young age? What is the purpose of evaluating infants and toddlers? Author Sue Wortham explains evaluating toddlers and infants determine whether the child is developing normally or if they show any signs of delay and need assistance. All in all, the main purpose of assessment is to benefit the child (Wortham, p. 32). The NAEYC believes that during a child’s early years, evaluating and assessing their development should be the primary focus. They want to study how young children grown and learn. All the â€Å"results of assessment are used to inform the planning and implementation of experiences, to communicate with the child’s family, and to evaluate and improve teachers’ and program’s effectiveness† (Wortham, p.34). Teachers also use assessment results to in order to plan their curriculum accordingly. So exactly do assessments search for? Assessments look not only for what the child is already capable of doing independently but also what they can do with the help of a teacher or another student (Wortham, p. 35). So how are they assessed exactly? There are many different assessments given to children across the U. S. everyday. These may be administered orally or as written works, such as questionnaires, surveys, or tests. These may include: standardized tests, observations, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, interviews, or portfolios. Each of these serve a different purpose in order to give different pieces of information needed to evaluate the child in question. Standardized tests, though many disagree with them, are meant to measure individual characteristics. Observations, on the other hand, are one of the most effective ways to measure students’ characteristics. When children are young, it can be hard at times to determine if there are any developmental delays (Wortham, p. 39). Developmental checklists, or scopes, are mainly used at all levels of education. These checklists are lists of the learning objectives that have been established by the teacher in order to keep track of their learning and development. Items on a checklist are rated with a negative or positive response from the teacher. Rating scales, unlike checklists, provide measurement on a continuum and are used when a collection of criteria is needed to attain specific information. Another form of assessment teachers commonly use is Rubrics. Rubrics were created to â€Å"evaluate authentic and performance assessments† (Wortham, p. 41). Rubrics, like rating scales, have a range of criteria that must be met. However, unlike rating scales, rubrics can be used to not only determine the quality of performance required, but are also used to assign grades. Rubrics make it easy for students to understand what is expected and is makes it easier for teachers to grade assignments. The final types of assessments that are most frequently used are performance and portfolio assessments. These evaluations might be administered through interviews given directly by the teacher in order to understand the child’s thinking and understanding (Wortham, p. 41). Teachers may present these evaluations through directed assignments, activities, or games. The performance results are typically kept in a student or teacher portfolio. These portfolios contain samples of student’s work and are used as a sort of progress report card. Keeping detailed reports of student’s work in the portfolios help teachers keep track of their student’s progress and help determine which areas of learning are lacking attention (Wortham, p. 41). Overall, according to Wortham, these tests, whether administered to an individual child or a group of students, are meant to determine a student’s â€Å"abilities, achievements, aptitudes, interests, attitudes, values, and personality characteristics† (Wortham, p.39). Now having an understanding of the different types of assessments used to evaluate students and the purpose, let us turn to the negative and positive effects of these evaluations. It is crucial for educators to administer tests and evaluations carefully, because it they are poorly articulated, it can lead to decisions that are unfair or unclear, and they may do harm to programs, teachers, and, most importantly, children (Snow, C. E. Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 341-342). Evaluations and assessments are not meant to punish a child, and therefore, should never be overseen lightly. It is important that the information gathered outweighs any negative effects. Editors of Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, and How, Catherine E. Snow and Susan B. Van Hemel, explain that â€Å"although the same measure may be used for more than one purpose, prior consideration of all potential purposes is essential, as is careful analysis of the actual content of the assessment instrument. Direct examination of the assessment items is important because the title of a measure does not always reflect the content† (Snow, C. E. Van Hemel, S. B. , p. 346). So what are some negative effects? Negative consequences of assessment findings may include program de-funding, closing a center, firing a teacher, mislabeling a child, or a reduction in program resources (The National Academies of Sciences, 2008). These effects, such as mislabeling a student, can follow students for the rest of their education career. Once a child is entered into a program, it can be difficult at time for teachers to look past that label. Children all develop at different his or her own pace. No one child will develop and learn the same way as another child. They all grow up and develop at different stages. Yet educational theorists have been able to observed and gather enough information to conclude that children, if divided in age groups, do tend to follow a certain development pattern. The problem is, it is hard to determine which children are the outliers in these results without carefully administering proper assessments. Assessments are not used to necessarily judge student or punish them. Their main purpose is to help students, teachers, and parents. So what are some positive effects of assessment and evaluations? Students that benefit from assessments and evaluations are those that are properly observed and tested. Teachers also benefit from the use of assessments because it helps them create an appropriate curriculum for their students. Evaluating children at a young age can have a positive effect if a delay or disability is in fact found, and because it was caught early, the student has a better chance of exceeding their potential in school. Catching developmental delays or disabilities at a young age is the same as finding cancer at an early stage in the sense that the earlier the cancer is found; the chances of survival are greater. Assessment results are used to plan for instruction, evaluate instructional programs, and report student progress. These are all positive results of assessments. Without the results of assessments and test, how can educators determine what to teach their students? Evaluations, if planned and administered properly, can be more beneficial than harmful. Unfortunately, not all teachers evaluate children fairly or appropriately. So it is important for parents to stay involved in their children’s education in the event that the results of an evaluation do not match the potential of their child. Parents should know the norms and abnormalities of their child’s behavior. Therefore, it is always beneficial to the child for parents and teachers to communicate. This way if a child is acting up in class, and the teacher notifies the parent, the parent may confirm any fears right away by simply saying, â€Å"that isn’t like him† or â€Å"he’s just nervous†. Avoiding drastic measures and not jumping to conclusions is the proper way to evaluate a child fairly. What are the predicted long-term benefits to Early Childhood Assessments? Are assessments and student evaluations accurate? Should teachers be required to assess and evaluate students as much as they already do? These are just a few of the questions that plagued educators for years. Too much assessing has placed so much pressure on students and teachers, inevitably taking away a child’s desire to learn for the sake of learning. The purpose of assessments and evaluations is a great concept, but placing too much pressure and emphasis on the test results is tainting the original purpose of learning. References Bers, T. H. Mittler, M. L. (1994). New Directions for Community Colleges. Assessment Testing Myths and Realities: A Critical Review of Student Assessment Options, 69-83. Brink, M. (2002). Involving Parents in Early Childhood Assessment: Perspectives from an Early Intervention Instructor. Early Childhood Education Journal, 29(4), 251-7. Retrieved from Education Full Text database Early, D. M. , McKenna, M. , Slentz, K. L. (2008). A Guide to Assessment in Early Childhood; Infancy to Age Eight. Washington State: Washington State Office of Superintendent of Public Instruction. The National Academies of Sciences (2008). Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, And How. Retrieved October 19, 2011 from http://www. bocyf. org/head_start_brief. pdf. Early Learning Standards Task Force and Kindergarten Assessment Work Group. (2005). Early Childhood Assessment For Children From Birth To Age 8 (Grade 3). Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania’s Departments of Education and Public Welfare. Snow, C. E. Van Hemel, S. B. (2008). Early Childhood Assessment: Why, What, And How. Washington, D. C. : The National Research Council Of The National Academies Wortham, S. (2012). Assessment in Early Childhood Education, (6th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Does Modern Technology Help Students Essay Example for Free

Does Modern Technology Help Students Essay Sample Essay 2 Question: Does modern technology help students learn more information and learn it more quickly? Answer: Marvelous as it looks at first sight, modern technology does not help students learn information at greater speed and with higher efficiency in most cases. On the contrary, it works towards the opposite direction which led students to lose their initiative to learn and explore. First of all, one property of modern technology is latently harmful to any learning mind it distracts. One thing we feel about when we are searching for information online is that the internet, as an outstanding example of modern technology, provides us with not only relevant results to make use of, but also external links to click. More than once I turned on my computer to check school library for resources, but ended up watching Youtube videos. In this case, computer as a representative of modern technology plays a negative role in learning information. We do acquire more information with the convenient tool, yet most of them are irrelevant and in the end procrastinating would lower our learning. Also, students would easily become disoriented in the huge sea of information. Although modern technology could equip us with easy access to information, the huge amount of resources would actually leave us confused. Therefore, it is only we obtain information more quickly rather than we learn it more quickly. A telling example is my experience with a digital library which stores almost all the books I need. At first I enjoyed downloading them from the database, however, one month later I ended up with hundreds of books stored in my laptop yet none of them finished or ever clicked. Furthermore, modern technology gives students an illusion that information and real knowledge is easy to learn just by clicking mouse or watching videos. But in fact this is only the first step towards useful information and effective learning, as learning of any kind requires full concentration and interactive thinking, which are almost absent in the process of popular e-learning experience. To summarize, modern technology does not help students learn more information and learn it more quickly, though it does make access to information and resources much more easily. The popular e-learning still lacks the concentration, depth, and interaction that are the hallmark of traditional ways of education and learning.

The Overall Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay

The Overall Concerns Of Resource Depletion Environmental Sciences Essay Recently, people become very concern about the environmental issues. Our environment is our surrounding, its a gift that we have to keep , take care of and serve. One of the main problems that facing the globe is resource depletion .Resource depletion either it was for non-renewable or renewable sources, it has negative influence in both society and economy. Depletion of resources will make them very expensive. Or even after years from now we will not find resource to pay for .Many institution raise this problem up to aware people about this risk, a suggested solution is renewable energy. We should start thinking about the next generations. Renewable energy will be always there, there is plenty of it for present and future, especially because the world is facing continuous growing in population which is considered the main reason for resource depletion. Abstract: In this report we started by explaining the meaning of resource depletion. We mentioned some causes of this problem. The main three parts of resource depletion that we choose are fossil fuel depletion, water depletion and forest depletion. For fossil fuel we suggested renewable energy technologies as solution. We choose to talk about solar energy, wind power and hydroelectric power. For the water depletion we show how water is important .Also we discussed some methods to maintain water which are reclaimed water, solar desalination and rainwater harvesting. The third type is forest depletion and we suggested recycling as solution The meaning of resource depletion: Resource of depletion; its an economic word which mean all natural resources that divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources, have been exhausted within a region. Using the resources beyond its rate we thought any replacement for it is considered as resource depletion. The human nowadays use resources without care about if they can find it in the future for the new generation. The depletion of natural resources continues which have 11.8% of global environmental problem. An average of 23% of Imagine lands soils are degraded to the extent that their productivity is limited. 1% every year of the countrys forested area is going down. There are water shortages, and 100 high plant species are threatened during the dry seasons. Because of expansion and intensification of agriculture, among others also for reasons of commercialization and increase of global trade the pressure on the natural resources will increase. A lot of resources in the world have been decline a very year, such as fisheries, tropical forests, water, fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) and materials. The first report to the Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, was published in 1972. It marked the beginning of modern environmental policy. The report highlighted the impossibility of sustaining exponential economic growth and its associated Resource Depletion (1). The environmental policy has change to other policy filed in the twenty-five years after Limits to Growth, as example as we have released that the plenty resources of coal in the world, we cannot fully exploited because of the climate Change. Despite this the threat of Resource Depletion is still continue. Focusing on the mineral oil during the first and second oil crises (1973-1974, 1979) has been replaced by a wider picture of resources including groundwater, energy, land, fertile soil, forests and fish stocks. One common aspect of these resources is their depletion may have economic repercussions. Causes of resource depletion: Excessive or unnecessary use of resources Non-equitable distribution of resources Overpopulation Slash and burn agricultural practices, currently occurring in many developing countries Technological and industrial development Erosion Irrigation Mining for oil and minerals. Types of resource depletion: Fossil fuels depletion: The fossil fuels are very important key for energy in the world and for modern economic, which is non-renewable resource that takes a million of years to create. The fuels are; oil, coal and natural gas. It is 86% of the world of global energy supplies nowadays. Fossil fuel helps to produce cheap energy that modern industries depend on it. It can be burned and producing significant amounts of energy per unit weight .Also, it is primary source of the cheap energy that powers our modern Industrial Civilization that depends on it such as; automotive Industry, steel Industry and transportation Industry. Nowadays we are facing a huge level crisis in energy. Any careful examination of the writings and papers of the worlds leading energy scientists will convince the reader of the validity of the fossil fuel energy crisis. The U.S. Department of Energy Projects tell us; the demand of fossil fuel energy will increase approximately 60% between 2006 and 2030 globally. The energy crisis is caused by the depletion of fossil fuels. From the graph you can see the depletion of world fossil fuels energy from 1900 to 2300. The Industrial civilization cannot exist without oil. The prices of the oil have drawn attention to the issue of the relative supply and demand for basic oil that has a central place in the modern economy. The Knowledge of petroleum geology has made great advances in recent years. It transpires that the bulk of the Worlds current production comes from deposits formed in two brief and exceptional epochs, 90 and 150 million years ago. This tells us that oil is a finite resource, which means that it is matter to depletion. Is the oil running out? Yes, we started when we produced the first drum. But Running Out is not the major issue as the resource will not be finally exhausted for very many years. The important question that we should have answered it is: when will production reach a peak and begin to decline? Gas depletion you can see from the graph the amount of natural gas used between 1965 and 2004. This is look as depletion because gas is burned much more quickly than it is formed. There are limited natural gas reserves. During the 40 year period, the gas equivalent of almost 60 billion tones of oil was used up. The region that used the most gas over this period was the United States, the Russian Federation, the Ukraine and Canada. Nearly all the natural gas that has been burnt as fuel was burnt during these forty years, and the years since. Until about 1965 natural gas from oilfields was often considered hopeless, so was disposed of by flaring. It has since been used widely, as a fuel. Water depletion: Water is other important resource for irrigation, drinking, cleaning and in every part of the global. There are too kind of water; Groundwater and surface water. The water depletion is very important issue after the fossil fuels depletion because of decreasing in clean and fresh water in some location and areas. The United Nations Global Environment Outlook have Four reports estimate, a third of the worlds current population will live in areas with water shortage by 2025, while the remaining two-thirds are expected to be under water stress that mean almost 2 billion people. That means there will be no enough water in the future for sustain agriculture, energy production, industry and domestic life at all. The groundwater is an important resource throughout the world for some country especially US; it supplies many of the human needs. It is the source of drinking water for about half the total population and nearly all of the rural population, and it provides over 50 billion gallons per day for agricultural needs in the United States. A lot of area in the United States they have groundwater depletion. What mean Groundwater depletion? Groundwater depletion is a term that defined as long-term water-level declines caused by sustained groundwater pumping, is a key issue linked with groundwater use. We can compare water stored in the ground with the money that kept in a bank account. Pumping water out of the ground faster than it is replenished over the long-term cause a problem. The volume of the storage water in the ground is decreasing in many areas especially in the United States because of pumping. Groundwater depletion is primarily caused by sustained groundwater pumping and pumping g roundwater at a faster rate than it can be recharged can have some negative effects of the environment and the people who use the water, such as: drying up of wells reduction of water in streams and lakes deterioration of water quality increased pumping costs land subsidence The chart shows monthly-mean water levels from 1964 to 2003 for a well in Cook County, sourthwest Georgia. The well is used for irrigation and public-supply purposes and offers a good visual representation of long-term groundwater declines due to excessive pumping7. Forest resources depletion: The Echo systems help sustains life for millions of species. It is the forests that provide a home for a large majority of the species alive. Therefore the most important species are trees in these forests. There are many benefits that we can get from forests some of these benefits are; cleaner drinking water, a home for plants and animals, economic growth, clean air, recreational opportunities, reassuring future. Also there is another benefit we can get from trees is called oxygen. We would not be able to live If there were no trees to give us oxygen to breath. So this is a very important reason to protect forest which is staying alive. Forests have many resources that people can use to raise their living standards. For example; the wood for building houses and paper making. Some wood materials last a long time so they keep the house warm and make it easy to manufacture homes. Unfortunately the overpopulation and the demand for a higher standard of living are constantly increasing. Therefore the demand for more resources is increasing to levels that cannot be sustained any more. Since forests provide a large of resources to the worlds, so many forests are cut down or burned, because human demand and greed Look around yourself right now and you will find a product within your reach that is made of wood. The cause for cutting down forests and depletion is directly associated to manufacture paper products and lumber for other manufacturing like furniture. We use wood for everything in our live. It is used in home building, furniture, marine products and the list seems like its endless. Not only wood is good building material, but also has great aesthetic qualities. Unfortunately we dont always take in to account how many trees need to be cut down so we can have luxuries furniture in our lives. Another direct cause for forest depletion is simply burning forests for farmland. Many poor farmers burn or cut small area from the forests in some countries so they can have room for farming and cattle, these countries are undeveloped and have tropical rainforests. But the problem in the big scale is created when thousands of square acres a year burned by huge corporate farms. They need this much area to provide farming on a much larger scale to compete in the world market for food. The reason forests are burned is due to the rich minerals fertility of the soil. Some farmers in undeveloped countries they dont have any education in how they can re-use the soil. So that the soil is use up and left as a desert, while they burn and cut more forest to make another farm. The Amazon rainforest which located in South America is the largest in the world has fallen to be victim of deforestations. Also, as another example of country that has fallen to be victim of deforestations is Brazils mar ket which is the third of all the Latin countries. The Brazils foreign debt, except in the most unlikely of positive economic conditions, is simply unsustainable in the further years. The economical pressure on a country is an additional cause that forces a country to deforestation such as the case in Brazil. The data shown from 1978 to 1988 that 230,000 square miles was affected from deforestation, by Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (BSRSI). That is 16.5% of the entire rainforest in the Amazon. The farming is another example shows the cause of deforestation. Between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europes process meat imports that came from Brazil rise from 40 to 74 percent according to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). By 2003 the growth in Brazilian cattle production-80% of which was in the Amazon-was mostly export driven, for the first time ever. As more roads are built to provide access to forests in undeveloped countries more deforestation will appear. As we side before about the benefit of the forests .We get a large part of our oxygen from plant such as trees and most of the trees live in forests. It is important for human to understand the problem with deforestation may have on our air quality. The gas that has an impact on the greenhouse effect is Carbon dioxide (CO2). There is a cycle between CO2 producers such as cars and CO2 consumers such as plants called the Global Carbon Cycle. The tropical forests hold 460-575 billion metric tons of carbon worldwide in the plants and soil. From 1850 to 1990 deforestation worldwide released 122 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere, with the current rate being between 1.6 billion metric tons per year. Therefore deforestation plays a significant role in Global Warming and clean air. Also, another problem with deforestation is a decrease in biodiversity. The biodiversity is important for Ecosystem sustainability, agriculture, medicine and recreation, aesthetic and commercial val ue. There are about 5 to 80 million species that live on this world. The tropical rainforests are home to more than half of the species living in the world. After deforestation, many species cannot live and possibly go to extinct. For many resources we depend on these species, so their extension will take from us their benefits. The solution: For fossil fuel depletion: Renewable energy: Because what fossil fuel coal, oil and natural gas cause to our environment and because the scientist warn of decreasing of amount of fossil fuel. We need to use other sources to provide energy both for present and future generations. There are other alternative which give billions of people the energy they need more than that, it consider to be clean and low-carbon energy systems and they will never run out .these alternative are renewable energy such as solar energy ,wind power ,geothermal ocean energy, biomass and hydro energy. In this report we will concentrate in solar energy, wind power and hydropower which are clean sources and clean technologies. Different type of renewable energy varies according to the cost, local conditions and performance These sources of energy can replace fossil fuel. Reported from the European Renewable Energy Council 2004 said that renewable energy could provide the power needs, and supply 50% of the worlds energy by 2040. Not only have that, but renewable energy technologies dont produce greenhouse gases emissions and can addressed climate change. Japans Ministry has a study about the Environment; conclude that renewable energy could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to a level a 70% reduction by 2050. The graph below show the use of worldwide energy for all energy types .The Graph 2 show the expected future behavior by the EIA (Energy Information Administration) it shows that oil and coal will keep increasing. Nuclear power will increase but will not lead. While the condition of renewable energy is uncertain. They think that it capacity will explode. Graph 2: worldwide energy use by energy Type. Solar energy: Sunlight or solar energy sends out every day from the sun .is the most form of renewable energy. The usage of solar energy in renewable energy technology it either direct heat buildings and water and to generate electricity. or indirect because the heat from the sun cause the movement of the wind which we take benefit from it in wind power ,also it provide trees the main source to grow which used in biomass energy more than that sun light cause the evaporation which makes hydropower happen. The direct use of solar energy dont cause pollution in air or water more than that it is available everywhere on Earth. The light reaches us from the sun by two different radiation types. One of them reaches earths surface in an unbroken line which called direct, while the radiation that spread by clouds, dust, humidity and pollution is called diff. .so we have two technologies for the solar energy. One of them uses mirror to concentrate the direct radiation. PV cells and other solar technologies for diff radiation. Know if we want to ask ourselves why solar power? Because it doesnt bring co2 in one hour sun shine, the Earth receives more energy than human put away in whole year. Also, the Sun has enough helium mass to supply the Earth with energy for another five billion years. The Americas Department of Energy said that, if solar panels placed on 0.5% of USAs mainland landmass, it could grant for all of its electricity needs. It is true that solar energy is five times the fossil fuel price, but once it is applied it pay for it self The Environmental Impact of Solar energy technologies do not cause pollution, some thermal energy technologies need cooling by water, which can be recycled. Only small amounts of unsafe substances are formed in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells and CSP equipment. For the land required Most PV systems are installed on existing structures such as homes and buildings which doesnt need extra area . but CSP plants need large land, For example, One CSP plant near Las Vegas covers 400 acres and can produce 64 MW of electricity. Which is enough to power 15,000 homes annually. The cost of the solar energy decrease but it is still expensive. In U.S 2006 trade electricity prices for all sectors averaged 8 cents per kWh, and for housing electricity, the price averaged about 10 cents per kWh. But CSP systems generated electricity at a cost of 12 cents per kWh, while PV systems generated electricity for about 18 to 23 cents per kWh. PV systems usually generate more electricity during the hottest time as shown in the graph3 . And this is another advantage of solar energy. In Texas, the need is at peak in the summer because of air conditioning when the solar source is maximum. More than that, the most need for electricity is in the later afternoon period when existing solar energy is high. Graph 3: percentage of generate electricity by solar system among the year The Solar Electricity, to convert the solar energy to electricity. There are two ways which are photovoltaic and solar thermal systems. The name of Photovoltaic is from the words photo which means light and the word volt, the short of photovoltaic cells is PV cells or solar cells. Some example of PV which change sunlight into electricity in Solar-powered toys, calculators, and roadside lights as shown in the Figure1. Figure 1: PV cells The wide use of PV cells because it made from silicon material, it is the same material that makes up sand and it is the second most widespread material on earth. PV cells can provide power to anything that is powered by batteries or electrical power. Also because the transfer of sunlight into electricity happen silently and right away Solar Thermal Electricity, It has two names as well solar thermal systems and concentrated solar power (CSP), It also convert solar energy to electricity, but in a different way. This way need solar collector with mirror in order to gather the sunlight onto a receiver that heats a liquid. Then the hot liquid create steam to generate electricity in the same way of coal plants as shown in Figure 2. the usage of this type is wide .In Mojave Desert There are nine solar thermal power plants which create 360 MW of electricity. Figure 2: concentrated solar power Wind power What is the meaning of wind? Wind is the movement of air. When it happen? It happen when hot air moves up and cooler air swap it. The energy of moving air used long time ago in sailing and ext. Nowadays wind energy generates electricity by capturing the wind in wind turbines. How it happen? Wind power is in fact a form of solar power, it caused by heat that comes from the sun. Solar radiation causing the Earths surface to be warm and it heat the water, sand and stone at day time and it cool at bight. The hot air move up and that cause reduce in the atmospheric pressure near the surface of the earth which make the cooler air replace it. This movement called wind. The energy caused by the wind power is Clean and Renewable energy. It uses natural and infinite sources. More than that it doesnt cause pollution or waste The Energy caused by the wind is relative to the cube of wind velocity. The equation of wind power is the following: Power = density of air x swept area x velocity cubed , P =  ½.à Ã‚ .A.v3 velocity (v) is in m/s, at sea level (density of air is 1.2 kg/m3) the power density in the wind will range from 10W/m ² at 2.5m/s (a light breeze) to 41,000W/m ² at 40m/s (a hurricane). In general, wide areas have annual wind speeds below 3m/s this number is not useful for wind power system. For the area which have annual wind speeds more than 4.5m/s wind power will be economically useful. That why this source of energy is more economically practical in windy areas. In fact the energy which produced by a wind turbine can increase by 20% for each 10% increase in wind speed. The graph 4 below show that when wind speed increase the power output increase proportionally. Graph 4:the relationship between wind speed and power output. The world-wide require for wind turbines has been raising quickly over the last 15 years. In 2001 the wind energy industry set up 5,500 MW power generators. More than 24,000 MW of wind power is now expected to be in action around the world .the graph 5 below shows the increasing in depending on wind power throw the years. Graph 5: increasing of wind energy use. Turbines used to cover the demand of electricity. so , the size of the turbine enlarged from 100 kW to 1 MW of electricity generation power, even residential offshore as shown in the Figure 3 below. Figure 3: 2 MW Wind Turbines at 40 MW Offshore, Windfarm in Denmark. Hydropower The word Hydro means water. Moving water have energy and that what we call it Hydropower. Technology has made this energy to be able to change it to electricity. The force of Gravity, which attracts the objects and drags them down, it, pulls the water from high land to lower land. This water which falls down has a power. More than that, Water is a renewable source, because of the continuous cycle of evaporation and precipitation. But how this cycle happen? it always start from the sun , The heat of the sun reaches to water in the earth surface , and that lead to evaporation in ocean and other water surfaces and form clouds. After that the rain or snow falls down to earth, and drains into rivers and streams that run again to the ocean. As in the figure 4 .This moving water could power water wheels that operate mechanical processes, and captured by turbines and generators. The cycle of water is always there, it will not run out. Figure 4: water cycle. We imitate the natural behavior of moving water. By building dam in a river in order to capture the water, then it will formulate a big lake at the back of dam. We this lake is called a reservoir. When the water allowed moving by opening the dam it will run down and operate the huge wheels of turbine. From the power we get in this process we can generate electricity. Hydropower has more than 92 % among renewable energy as shown in graph 6 .It is commonly among developed countries around world. About 150 countries, nowadays there are around 2,000 dams in U.S only. Graph 6: amount of electricity generated from different types of renewable energy. In order to have continuous supply of electricity in an interconnected grid which rely in both wind and hydropower technologies. Hydropower can be used to cover for wind power and vice versa. That means when there is no wind, we can depend on hydropower. Also when there is low water period we can use wind to generate power usually generated by the hydropower systems. For water depletion: Why save water? Many people say, we dont have t consider water lost because water is covering 71% of the earth. However, most people dont know that this percent dividend to 1% for freshwater, 97% is too salty for human use, and the rest is frozen, and Figure 5 show how hard it is to find freshwater on earth ether it is ground water or iced. This sum up the 1/3 of the worlds population is already facing problems due to both water shortage and poor drinking water quality, and the UNESCO has predicted that by 2020 water shortage will be a serious worldwide problem. So, who is responsible to save water? Farmers, governments, engineers and people, they all play an important role to save water. Figue 5: Water distribution on earth in precentage. Governmental efforts: Some governments around the world developed an environmental policies and guidelines, some of them is provide water efficiency regulation. Their main policy is to sustain natural recourse such as water, and any sustainable development that serves future generations economically, environmentally, and socially. Examples for these organizations: The Australian National Water Quality Management Strategy (NWQMS) The Indian Ministry of Water Resources. The Quà ©bec Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks U.S. Green Building Council The UNICEF Estidam Water sector in the United States USGS UN-HABITAT The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc All of these organizations tend to improve the sustainable developments in their regions. Sustainable water There are soo many ways to sustain water, and we are going to discuses some of the known methods to maintain water. Reclaimed water: Is a term used for recycling water. Rather than dispose wastewater -sewage and greywater-, reuse it in non-potable uses, such as irrigation, dust control, and fire suppression. However, this reclaimed water need to follow up in some procedure to make it applicable to use. Wastewater treatment process, it is the process of removing physical, chemical and biological contaminants from sewage and wastewater through physical, chemical, and biological processes, to manufacture an environmentally safe fluid suitable for disposal or reuse. And from figure 6 we can study the treatment process: Preliminary Treatment It is a physical process by using devices to remove or cut out large objects such as inorganic solids, oil and greases; to protect pumping equipment and facilitate subsequent treatment processes from damage these object can do. Examples for these devices: Screens Comminuting devices (shredders , cutters, grinders) Grit chambers Preparation tanks   And chlorination is needed in preliminary treatment.   Primary Treatment After Preliminary process, some suspended solids still contained by the treatment water, it is removed by physical process of sedimentation through a sedimentation tanks which hold the treatment water for 2 or 3 hours, and the suspended solids -sludge- settle on the tank are removed with mechanical scrapers and pumps. And the floating sludge are removed by surface skimming equipment. Secondary Treatment In this stage a microorganisms are involved to remove dissolved organic matter from what remained in the wastewater. These microorganisms feed on organic matter from sewage as their energy supply. Final Treatment In the final treatment chorine is add to remove all pollutants from the water, and the product is usable water. Figure 6: Waste-water treatment process. Solar desalination Desalination is a method to remove salt and minerals from water (ocean). Solar is referring to the energy used for this process. There are two types of solar desalination: Reverse Osmosis Its a simple operation of water desalination, through applying pressure to the sea water in one side of the system through a membrane and salt is essentially filtered, with a mathematical. This method used in large-scale desalination implementations where electricity is less costly. Here, solar energy is collected and converted into electrical or mechanical energy to initiate the process. From figure 7 we can explore the process. Figure 7: Reverse Osmosis process The solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH): Also called the solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC) or multiple-effect humidification (MEH), is a technique that simulates the natural water cycle on a shorter time frame by evaporating using solar energy (sun) and condensing water to separate it from other substances. And the condensed water is collected in a chamber. As shown in figure 8. Figure 8: the HDH process Rainwater harvesting Is a very simple system of collecting rainwater before it reaches the aquifer through the storm water harvesting, which is a surface especially prepared for this purpose, such as buildings roof, and ground; to reuse it as drinking water, irrigation, water for livestock, and any other apply. However, this system is not suitable for every where, where it is used in areas with an average rainfall greater than 200  mm/ year. first water is collected via the storm water harvest (roof), then transfer through gutters and pipes which includes sufficient incline to avoid standing water, and strong to carry large amount of rainwater. Storage tanks should be covered to prevent mosquito breeding and to reduce evaporation losses, contamination and algal growth. Figure 9 conclude the procedure. Figure 9: Rainwater harvesting system For forest depletion: Why save forest? Cities, massive projects, farmlands, factories, firewood, tables, books, newspaper à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. What is there origin? Forest. Through history human activities destroyed and deforest the forest around the world, cities such as Ur, Uruk, and Babylon contributed deforestation massively of surrounding areas, which are forest. Agriculture, in the other hand, was one of the main reasons of forest deforestation, in order to use it to harvest. So why we should concern about forest and protect it? Well, if there is no forest, there is no trees and plant, no trees no species, no ecosystem, and no reduction of carbon sinks; which lead to a bigger problem known as global warmingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Facts: once forests covered14% from land surface; and now they cover only 6%, and if it is keeping in that track its going to be more decrease in this percentage, as the Forest transition theory Predicts, as shown in Graph 7. Graph 7: The forest transition theory Because of the massive developing and industry, every 1 sec there is a loss of about one and one-half acres of rainforest. The major authorities to blame are governments, multi-national logging companies, and land owners. <

The Geranium and Judgment Day Essay -- Analysis, Flannery O’Connor

Flannery O’Connor’s short-story work occurred during the 1950s and 1960s, a time in which race caused significant tensions among Americans. Raised in the south, Flannery grew up in an atmosphere of overt racism and Catholic fervor. Both of these influences affected the way she wrote. Flannery O'Connor conveyed both her moral and religious values in her writing, and she consistently wrote about religion and race within this narrow perspective. â€Å"Many of my ardent admirers would be roundly shocked and disturbed if they realized that everything I believe is thoroughly moral, thoroughly Catholic, and that it is these beliefs that give my work its chief characteristics† (O'Connor Habit 147–8).She showed this narrowness repeatedly by her choice of themes, styles and views, and included them in stories such as â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge,† â€Å"The Geranium,† â€Å"The Artificial Nigger,† and â€Å"Judgment Day.† Flannery O'Connor was born and raised in Savannah, Georgia. She was raised by her mother and father, though a hereditary disease, lupus, took her father away from her at the age of fifteen. Her religion came directly from the Bible Belt, and her views on race reflected the issues going on at the time. She witnessed the first black Americans go to the world championships, the KKK tormenting of black Americans, Martin Luther King Jr.’s fight for black American’s rights, and the beginning of the de-segregation of society. At the time, many white Americans in the south rebelled against the tide of racism, and O’Connor was drawn to this moral stance. She wrote her short stories during this time period, a writer clearly enmeshed in the social, juristic and economical events of her time. O'Connor's subject in her fiction, she once said,... ...ople are often classified with more than one ethnicity in America. Does that stop society from making comparisons between races? No, it does not. The United States President, Barack Obama, is known as the first black president. Technically, he is the first black president but there is no need to bring up his race. The color he does not seem to affect the decisions he makes. Society is still just as guilty of trying to make ethnicity an easy thing to understand. We are all blameworthy of making assumptions off of race or religion and refusing to acknowledge the individual truths that lie beyond those things. So, as we continue to teeter along that wall between as racism and acceptance, think of Flannery O'Connor's writing. Holding views for one side while sympathizing with the other is something that has been around for centuries. She, however, made it an art form.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers

Buddhism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reading this account on Buddhism, the goal is, for you (the reader) to understand a fascinating belief system, that has been around since before Christ ever set foot on this earth. This will provide a connection to the minds and hearts of the people who live and die in this sacred world, so that an understanding may be arroused and ultimatly give an acceptance as well as a clear path to minister to these people. The most important aspect of reaching out to people of other cults or religions could possibly be an understanding and common ground with your neighbor. Therefore, knowing Buddhism and learning about it will help give you a stepping stone in you mission on spreading the gospel of Christianity, plus expose you to some of the profoundly interesting culture of Asia. (Yamamoto 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History We have all seen and heard about Buddha and the yin and yang, do to the exploitation of an ancient religion, however aside from this popular fad is a complex and ancient religion deriving from a place called Kapilavastu located in southern Nepal. It began with a man named Siddhartha Gautama, who in fact was the son of a chieftain of the Sakya Clan. Basically he was a prince, enjoying all the luxuries accompanying it. He was born in at about 560 BC, it is debatable as to the exact history of his life, because of the many different forms of Buddhism, however there are substantial bits and peace’s that are agreed on among the different Buddhists. (Mead 23) He grew up in a sheltered type of life, in that his father refused to let him see any human misery, so he was secluded from the outside world he was never meant know. However, one day at the age of twenty-nine he came to the conclusion of how empty his life had become. As an effect of this, he decided to renounce all his worldly possessions and break all attachments he had in order to set out on a journey. A journey in search of peace and enlightenment. He then, on one fateful day set out on his voyage, eluding the royal attendants his father had contained him with. When reaching the outside, he experienced the effects of human suffering, by veiwing an old man, a leper, a corpse, and an ascetic. With this newfound truth he had discovered he realized that worldly happieness was merely and illusion. After his departing from captivity he decided to give... ...one’s interest and give them hope. Speaking of hope, it is a very powerful tool in evangelizing, especially when people need hope and something to believe in. With Buddhism people cannot interest there lives in a secure figure like God, they are left to toil in the mysteries of ignorance and searching for truth, why search for truth if all you are called is ignorant, there is no hope in that. Heaven is especially influential because heaven is beautiful and full of life. In comparison to the Buddhist Nirvana of nothingness and complete voidness, people will understand that there is no hope in nothingness. Shouldn’t we be searching for something if we are looking for truth? Not just a final answer of nothingness, it poses no real reward or incentive to love or obey. As with all religions they will fight back it is not unheard of. A spiritual warfare battle is eminent because we need to let them get out their side, which is good and fair. (Yamamoto 30-40) The only thin g you need to know is how to respond and know all the basis of what they believe so that you can refute it. There are millions of unsaved souls in the world; helping just one is a task we should all take on if not more.

A multicultural counselor Essay

It is crucial that a multicultural counselor have ample strategies in order to be effective in multicultural counseling. This is because the counselor handles clients who have diverse cultures and, therefore, need to be adaptive to the various cultural values and beliefs of the client. In order, for a multicultural counselor to be effective, it is vital that the counselor should first understand his or her own culture. This understanding of own culture comprises being aware of one own life philosophies, being able to recognize the different structures involved in reasoning and also being aware of how the understanding effect ones communication and also the style one uses to assist the client. Lack of this understanding may make the counseling process ineffective. Self-awareness helps the counselor identify specific cultural values and the influence they may have in the counseling process. This helps the multicultural counselor be able to counter the effects that the values may pose to the counseling intervention. It is also necessary that multicultural counselor prevent adhering to a specific counseling theory during the counseling process. This is because many cultural groups do not share the type of values, which are implied by the counseling methods (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). The various values usually do not share the same expectations for the conduct or the outcome of the counseling session of the counselor. This calls for a need for the counselor carry out an investigation about their clients cultural background, be open and flexible to the definitions of the appropriate of the correct behaviors according to the cultural values of the client. It is also beneficial for the multicultural counselor to have an understanding of many languages. This is because language barriers act as a hindrance to effective multicultural counseling. As a result, of the language barrier, the client and the counselor may not understand each other well making the client unable to express the complexity in their thoughts and their feelings. This may also make the counselor feel frustrated due to lack of bilingual ability. Language barriers also lead the counselor to offer the wrong diagnosis (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Multicultural counselor should acknowledge cultural diversity he or she should appreciate the value of different cultures and use it in assisting the client. The counselor should not have any cultural bias or carry cultural stereotypes into the counseling process. He or she is supposed to understand that all cultural values are the same, and they should be respected. Respect of cultural diversity plays a great part in enhancing the effectiveness of multicultural counseling. This also calls for the multicultural counselor to have humility and modesty. (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). It is also essential that a multicultural counselor should have social conflict resolution strategies in order to carry out an effective counseling. This helps the counselor to be able to help the client to solve the problems he or she may be experiencing within himself and the conflict that may be existing between him or her and the community. It is also important that multicultural counselor take a pluralistic view in the counseling process. This is where the counselor puts into consideration all aspects of the client’s personal history, social and cultural orientation. (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Therefore, it is important that multicultural counselors avoid culture stereotypes and false expectation. This is done by understanding their clients’ background and finding the most appropriate strategies to employ in the counseling process. The strategies should suit the needs of the client. The counselor should be sensitive the cultural values of the client. Reference Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD), (2009) Journal of Multicultural Counseling, Birmingham, England, retrieved www. multiculturalcenter. org/jmcd/ on 8 April 2010. Gielen, U. Draguns, J. & Fish, J. (2008) Principles of multicultural counseling and therapy, New York, Brunner-Routledge, retrieved from http://www. netLibrary. com/urlapi. asp? action=summary&v=1&bookid=233302 on 8 April 2010.

Introduction To Marketing Essay

Describe how a selected organisation uses marketing research to contribute to the development of its marketing plans In this section of the unit the investigation of the marketing research used by Kellogg’s will be shown through thorough research and evaluation also how it links in to the development of Kellogg’s marketing plans. The Purpose of Market Research Marketing research is what informs business’s make decisions by helping it to understand the changing dynamics of its market. This involves finding out more about customers, competitors and the overall marketing environment. The purpose of doing this is to gather data on customers and potential customers. The pure definition of market research is systematically gathering, recording and analysing data and also about the issues relating to marketing products and services. There are two types of research’s that can be conducted: Primary Secondary These research can then be formed into either quantitative or qualitative Primary Research Primary research is data and information that the business has gathered first-hand and has not been gathered before. Internal primary research data sources include: Sales figures for the business’s own products Customer data held on a central database. External primary research methods include: Questionnaires and Surveys Interviews and Focus Groups Mystery Shoppers, And other observation techniques. Secondary Research Secondary research uses data and information that has been collected before, either from within the organisation which can also be seen as internal data or by another organisation which is mostly regarded to as external data. Secondary research is sometimes referred to as ‘desk research’ and sources include: Reports from sales and regional representatives Previous marketing research (internal) Trade journals and websites (external) Books and newspapers (external) Industry reports from industry associations and government departments (external) Census data and public records (external). This now M2-Explain the limitations of marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans For this sector of the report I will be identifying and explaining the limitations of the market research methods used in the Kellogg’s investigation. This should give a clear overview of how Kellogg’s develop. In the case study I have been studying I have acknowledged Kellogg’s uses four junctures of market research to ensure they have examined a product collectively which enable Kellogg’s to develop they’re products better and to better the product to suit its target audience. Firstly, we have a very important sector of market research which is seen as discovery, it is vital to identify a set of new food ideas that would be suitable for developing a new Crunchy Nut product. Secondary research was conducted from Mintel and Datamonitor and was used to find out about innovation trends in the cereal market. It was also used to find out about new products, flavours and foods from around the world. Food developers at Kellogg’s used this information to come up with a number of new food ideas. Although secondary data is easy to access there are some limitations Kellogg’s need to take into consideration, this could be for instance the age of the documents and when the research had been operated. Also the size of the group the research was taken and how many people were involved. I have also accredited secondary research can be very vague and general this would prove difficult for Kellogg’s to make a decision. In market research there are different aspects a business can branch into, many in which are very beneficial. The next form of research Kellogg’s had fore taken was selecting the best concept for their product they ensured they could do this by overseeing a quantitative survey. This had then created specific statistical information that indicated that a new Crunchy Nut Bites idea was perceived as the most appealing amongst all the ideas tested. Although Kellogg’s manage to use the quantitative data  efficiently there can be drawbacks to us ing quantitative data, the main hindrance of quantitative research is the context of the study is ignored. Quantitative research does not study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people as qualitative research does. Another shortcoming is that a large sample of the population must be studied; the larger the sample of people researched, the more statistically accurate the results will be. Once the conception was formed Kellogg’s then had a job conform and construct the concept into a new product this involved usage of qualitative research which helped Kellogg’s food technologists to explore the taste and texture of the new food idea in more detail. Kellogg’s needed to understand the ‘eating experience’ of the consumer before a decision could be made about how to develop the recipe in more detail. Kellogg’s needed to take in to consideration even though the qualitative would help they’re market research they may be some downfalls, for example the researcher of the study is heavily involved in the proce ss, which gives the researcher a subjective view of the study and its participants. The researcher interprets the research according to his or her own biased view, which skews the data gathered. Another disadvantage is that this research method is very time consuming and can last for months or even years. Finally, it is always important to ensure the financial side of the product are understood and the product brings in a good profit also it is a good idea to set promotional prices to enable the customer to have a taster of the product. This meant Kellogg’s were required to predict a forecast of the product, Kellogg’s do this by undergoing one final test prior to the new product launch. This is called the ‘In Home Usage Test’. The consumers are given the product to try for several days and this enables Kellogg’s to capture how consumers interact with the product for the first time. As well as this being a very good technique to understand the consumer they can be negatives to this the obvious problem Kellogg’s would be facing is that markets are unpredictable. Any sales forecast, however rigorous its analysis of conditions, can be fla t-out wrong. Sales forecasts fall into two basic categories, each of which has distinct disadvantages. In this case this is a qualitative forecast so sales forecasts rely on experts’ opinions to predict upcoming sales performance. Which may be detrimental to Kellogg’s because qualitative approaches is subjective therefore opinions, even well-informed  ones, can be wrong, especially if they don’t take into account relevant economic data. After overseeing Kellogg’s market research although the major drawbacks Kellogg’s can face, market research is very important for Kellogg’s as it previews what Kellogg’s can stumble upon when launching a new product. However market research that is gathered by any organisation could prove to be irrelevant and inappropriate. D2-Make justified recommendations for improving the validity of the marketing research used to contribute to the development of a selected organisation’s marketing plans. After looking at all the limitations that effect Kellogg’s this has entitled me to make justification and recommendation for improving the validity of the marketing research used in Kellogg’s. Consequently I will be making three comprehensive recommendations with justifications to improve validity of the market research used to contribute to the development of Kellogg’s marketing plans. Market research is used by many organisations and is very fatal tool; however the data collected can sometimes not be as valid for various reasons, resulting in a business to make the wrong decision and highly affecting its market plans. The first recommendation I would like is to discuss to enhance the validity of the market research is for an organisation like Kellogg’s to choose the right amount of people to question. Kellogg’s main objective is to improve their current product and to continue to create new products in order to carry this out they would have to carry research to find out what they lack in and what they need more of however if the amount of people questioned is too small the results would be invalid and will not do any justice to statistic therefore Kellogg’s should make the sample random and larger this will increase the accuracy of the information leading to the right decisions, Kellogg’s also need to be aware of setting themselves a goal and objective they would like to reach when choosing a people to take part in their research this increase validity as it gives and aim of what is required from conducting this research Secondly, I would like to recommend if Kellogg’s ask specific and objective questions, the people Kellogg’s survey should represent a cross-section of their target groups. This can extend the results to the whole group as long a s Kellogg’s sample is representative. Key factors in this matching process are sampling time and number of people  surveyed. For example if they were to launch a new product of a similar range they need to question what they feel is missing from the existing products they can do this by asking feedback of existing customers this will make the data more valid and reliable because the right questions have been asked. Finally I would like to propose to Kellogg’s to avoid self-selection and use a valid samples with a representative view of Kellogg’s target group are based on random selection. If Kellogg’s allow survey respondents to decide whether to answer a survey, Kellogg’s can’t be sure the respondents represent a random sample. You have to pick survey respondents at random and classify those who don’t answer the questions as â€Å"did not respond.† If the non-responsive group is substantial, reducing it by adding people who volunteer adds self-selection bias to the result because the volunteers are likely to share characteristics not demonstrative of your whole target group. Kellogg’s may have to change how you conduct the survey to get enough samples from a random selection. All of the above suggestions are to improve the validity and reliability of market research used by Kellogg’s; however Kellogg’s should also make sure that the question it uses match its research objectives to ensure that information collected contributes to the development of its marketing plans. Recommendations mentioned above will improve the validity of the research and accuracy of the information that will help the business make the right decisions based on the information collected and results of the research.

Ethernet Cabling Category

The charter school's CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the building's faculty members and students. Your job is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies below for the areas of concern. All of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be specific in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 6 UTP 1000Base – T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 port hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port switch 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain controllers Bus topology Topology Microwave wire less media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female â€Å"I don't know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to fix minor network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and I'm hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really problematic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do need the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We also need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridiculous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is busy on the network with their morning a ttendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this. â€Å" Ethernet Cabling Category The charter school's CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the building's faculty members and students. Your job is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies below for the areas of concern. All of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be specific in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 6 UTP 1000Base – T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 port hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port switch 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain controllers Bus topology Topology Microwave wire less media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female â€Å"I don't know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to fix minor network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and I'm hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really problematic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do need the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We also need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridiculous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is busy on the network with their morning a ttendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this. â€Å"