Economic midterm

SST. Charles Hospital, located in an upper-income neighborhood of a large city, recently received a restored mansion as a gift from an appreciative patient. The board of directors decided to remodel the mansion and use It as recuperative quarters for patients willing to pay a premium for luxurious accommodations. The cost to the hospital of using the mansion includes Selected Answer: d. Both b and c Question 2 O out of 0. 5 points Which of the following statements Is false? Selected Answer: c. D If economic profit is positive, accounting profit must also be positive. Question 3Economic profit is the best measure of a firm's performance because the opportunity cost of using ALL resources Is subtracted from total revenue. Question 4 Mallory decides to spend three hours working overtime rather than watching a video with her friends. She earns $8 an hour. Her opportunity cost of working is the enjoyment she would have received had she watched the video. Question 5 Russell spends an hour studying Instead of playing tennis. The opportunity cost to him of studying is Selected Answer: c. The enjoyment and exercise he would have received had he played tennis. OF 22 Economic profit Selected Answer: a. Al never exceed accounting profit. Question 7 Bee is opening her own court-reporting business. She financed the business by withdrawing money from her personal savings account. When she closed the account, the bank representative mentioned that she would have earned $300 in interest next year. If Bee hadn't opened her own business, she would have earned a salary of $25,000. In her first year, Bees revenues were $30,000. Which of the following statements is correct? Selected Answer: c. B Bees total explicit costs are $25,300. Question 8 Suppose that the firm's only variable input is labor.When 50 workers are used, the average product of labor is 50 and the marginal product of labor is 75. The wage rate is $80 and the total cost of the fixed input is $500. What is average var iable cost? Selected Answer: b. $1. 60 Question 9 Suppose that you run a house-painting company and currently have 2 workers painting a total of 4 houses per month. If you hire a third worker, 6 houses can be painted per month. If you hire a fourth worker, 9 houses can be painted, and a fifth and sixth worker will increase the number of houses painted to 13 and 15, respectively. Diminishing returns Selected Answer: set in when the sixth worker is hired.Question 10 When marginal cost is rising, average variable cost Selected Answer: a. D must be rising. Lorry's Lunchmeats is a small street vendor business. If Larry makes 15 pretzels in his first hour of business and incurs a total cost of $16. 50, his average total cost per pretzel is $1. 10. Question 12 At all levels of production higher than the point where the marginal cost curve crosses the average variable cost curve, average variable cost rises. Question 13 Teacher's Helper is a small company that has a subcontract to produce i nstructional materials for disabled children in public school districts.Then the Selected Answer: b. A Question 18 Consumer surplus all of the above Question 19 Suppose a frost destroys much of the Florida orange corp.. At the same time, suppose consumer tastes shift toward orange Juice. What would we expect to happen to the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for orange Juice? Price will increase, quantity is indeterminate (may increase or decrease). Question 20 You lose your Job and, as a result, you buy fewer romance novels. This shows that you consider romance novels to be a(n) Selected Answer: c. A luxury good.Question 21 Consumer surplus is the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for it. Question 22 Which cell in the following table represents an increase in equilibrium quantity and an indeterminate change in equilibrium price? An Increase in Supply An Increase in Demand A A Decrease in Supply Selected Answer: b. D c Qu estion 23 An example off price floor is Selected Answer: a. B rent control. Question 24 Which of these statements best represents the law of demand? When the price of a good decreases, buyers purchase more of the good.Question 25 In the housing market, rent control causes quantity supplied to fall and quantity demanded to rise. Question 26 If the market price of eggs rises at the same time as the market quantity of eggs researches decreases, this could have been caused by a decrease in supply with no change in demand. Question 27 Question 28 Use the following demand and supply functions to answer the following question: Demand: Q = 50 – UP supply SQ = 20 + UP If the price is $10, there is a surplus of 30 units. Question 29 Which of the following will cause an increase in consumer surplus? Technological improvement in the production of the good Question 30 Suppose you are in charge of setting prices at a local sandwich shop. The business needs to increase its total revenue and your Job is on the line. If the demand for sandwiches is elastic, you Selected Answer: d. C should not change the price of sandwiches. Question 31 Merrill's income elasticity of demand for football tickets is 1. 50. All else equal, this means that if her income increases by 20 percent, she will buy 30 percent more football tickets.Question 32 Which of the following could be the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods that are complements? Question 33 Selected Answer: d. B demand is inelastic and supply is elastic. Question 34 When we move upward and to the left along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve, price elasticity of demand Selected Answer: b. C always becomes smaller. Question 35 When the price of bubble gum is $0. 50, the quantity demanded is 400 packs per day. When the price falls to $0. 40, the quantity demanded increases to 600.Given this information and using the midpoint method, we know that the demand for bubble gum is elastic. Question 36 At age 40, Joe is considering quitting his Job and going back for a college degree. He needs two more years full-time. Tuition is $10,000 per year. He earns $30,000 per year. A college degree would raise his annual income by $10,000 per year. He will retire at age 70. From an investment standpoint, Joe will go back full-time if Selected Answer: a 10,000 x > 40,000 x Question 37 Martha and Sarah have the same preferences and incomes.Just as Martha arrived at the theater to see a play, she discovered that she had lost the $10 ticket she had purchased earlier. Sarah Just arrived at the theater planning to buy a ticket to see the same play when she discovered that she had lost a $10 bill from her wallet. If both Martha and Sarah are rational and both still have enough money to pay for a ticket, which one of the following statements is correct? Martha and Sarah will take the same action (either to pay for another ticket or not to ay) because the ticket lost or $10 lost is a sunk cost and it should not fa ctor into their decisions.Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten together, they are complements. Suppose we observe that the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen but the equilibrium quantity of bagels has fallen. Which of the following explanations is consistent with these changes in the bagels and cream cheese markets? Price of milk increased. Question 39 complements. Suppose we observe that both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels have increased. Which of the following Price of flour decreased.

Railroad history Essay

The reasons why Villard failed to build a profitable railroad was that he never bothered to study much about railroads so he made many mistakes such as, he rushed to the wilderness to collect his subsidies he thought that by building the rail on an area with a beautiful view he would attract tourism in the area and so they would pay handsomely to tour, so he chose to build in the northwest because of its beauty. This increased the cost of building the railroad because he had to increase the bends, the steepness and the length of the railroad to be able to take in the rocky Mountain View. Villard also did create in areas around the hot springs in broad water county, Montana and at Bozeman costly health spas. This and more expensive buildings and structures made Villard go broke because the tourist opted to visit else where. Though the federal aid and foreign investors had given Villard some space for mistakes he made way too many. He was so eager to rush to the coast that he built when the cost of materials and construction in whole was very stiff. High cost amounts to high rates and this hindered the tourists from traveling through the NP. Railroad acted as an alternative mode of transport which farmers used to travel from rural areas to the urban market whenever they had need, they also used the railroad to transport their produce thus interacting with people from other parts of the country. As the railroad changed people’s experiences, it also changed the time concepts. If a person wanted to travel from point A to point B it became more faster than pre railroad days where one had to use horses on bad road, board a steamboat, Railroads decreased the cost of distance and increased the value of time.

Black Working Poor vs. Black Middle Class

(Shawn A. Ginwright 2002) The black middle class experienced dramatic growth in the post civil-rights era. This growth raised questions about how social and cultural capital among the black middle class has helped the conditions of the black working poor. The author demonstrates through materialist and culturalist frames of the community how black middle class members of a small organization frame community failed to address the needs of the working poor. Materialist frames are rooted in day-to-day material conditions. They are informed by the lived reality of low wages, high rents, and or poor quality schools and focus on immediate change of concrete conditions. (Shawn A. Ginwright 2002) Culturalist frames challenge ideas and values, rather than power and people. Through a shared set of ideas and values, culturalist frames focus on symbolic meaning and abstract theories of the social world and attempt to change social meaning and personal identity. They promote specialized ideas about community and social issues and encourage expert-based social change through highly skilled, educated professionals. (Shawn A. Ginwright 2002) His argument is that the middle class use their skills, and other forms of human capitol to define community issues, while overlooking the interests of the working poor. Then Ginwright used a case study to affirm his theory. The case study was of a middle class community’s use Afrocentric ideology to ameliorate a working class neighborhood high school; the middle class misdiagnosed an obvious problem through culturalist framing resulting in no significant improvement in the high school. Afrocentric ideology is a modern concept in response to racist and attitudes about black people. It is a black inspired ideology that affirms blacks in a white dominated society. In the efforts to improve McClymonds High School in Oakland California a group of community advocates, The Black Front For Educational Reform (BUFFER), started coalition with working class parents and concerned citizens to transform the high school. Then BUFFER grew in size from roughly 30 local community individuals to 125 individuals from professors to attorneys. With the original BUFFERS the plan was simple, improve specific issues related to the day-to-day experiences of students, what the school lacked, but also what students at the school needed to survive. First, although many of its members shared the same ideology about the need to improve the conditions for black students at McClymonds High School, there was conflict about which strategy would best serve the needs of the students. (Shawn A. Ginwright 2002) The original working class members of BUFFER wanted to address the material issues such as textbook, facility structure, college prep courses, etc†¦ The new BUFFERS convinced that the problem was from lack of positive ethnic identity and racial pride. They wanted to address educational inequality by implementing an Afrocentric curriculum. This gave the idea of self-esteem issues. The Afrocentric curriculum did get approved and was implemented in the curriculum. For many students the new subject was not understood and Afrocentrism did not have any relevance to their day to day life experiences. The emphasis they placed on Afrocentric education diverted valuable resources to what could have been an effort to redress the pervasive inequality at the High. (Shawn A. Ginwright 2002) In reading the article it disclosed a serious gap in understanding of society needs between the middle class and the working poor class. Since the article was based on one case study, the results were skewed in favor of the author’s theory. The reading does not provide the benefits obtained by the high school from incorporating an Afrocentric curriculum or another case study that shows similar results. The author made an argument and used only one case study to verify his theory. The reading did provide some insight into the relationship between the two but it only provides inferred reasoning as to why there is a difference between the two. With two different social classes within the same organization, communication was really the necessity that was lacking to have a better outcome in the transformation of the high school. I would definitely recommend this read to a classmate

Employment Conditions and Impacts of New Technologies Essay

Employment Conditions and Impacts of New Technologies - Essay Example From a wider perspective, a nation’s human capital lays the parameters for success. Creativity is also increasingly becoming a chief strategic asset that boosts the economy, to grow, while still determining thriving amalgamation, into the rapidly altering world economy. Technically, broadcasting is a specific and somehow easy business comprising of sound and view transmissions to the audiences. Development in television in the future relies on the rise of medium throughput, possibility to integrate conventional and internet broadcasters, and generate fresh products that will result in integrating all Medias. Although these updates tend to be expensed intensive, they ensure quick return on investments. Journalism and the media in general have been central in embracing new technology, which has caused influential changes, in the employment conditions. The creative industry concept has its origin in Australia, but much significance was attributed to it by UK policy makers, when t he creative industries unit and  the task were set up. It is an indication of a shift in approach to probable commercial activities from the initial cultural industries. Howkins (2002, 98), has described key roles of Intellectual property classifying them into trademarks, copyright, patents and the ultimate product’s design configuration. ... rise the faction of creative industries, which vary from upstream actions, such as conventional arts, performing, literature and visual arts to the downstream activities which involve design, advertising and other media connected activities (Cunningham, 2005, 285). Therefore, creativity is resulting into being a significant input, employed in the production procedure of products, as it is deployed with a specifically high level of professional particularity. These results to activities referred to as the creative industries such as the IT advancements. These creative industries have contributed to an estimated seven percent world GDP according to the World Bank. Furthermore, according to the UK department for culture media and sports creative industries are already generating over ?110 billion of revenues and employed 1.3 million employees. Numerous other developed nations’ including Canada, Sweden, and Australia have also managed to triumph in applying their foothold, in thes e industries, and they are progressively achieving a gateway, to the novel information economy. Creative industries are immensely contributing to employment creation, and export progression in most leading developing nations; however, currently their potential is broadly unrealized. Fundamentally, they are indeed always correlated with a wobbly structure of job security, with stumpy value added and restricted export earnings. Consequently, there is a pressing requirement to modernize the sector and also strengthen the local capacities such that they augment their contribution to the creation of income thus contributing to reducing poverty. According to UNCTAD continuing research, industries from the creative sector are not only generating more labor and capital or even the conventional

The Concept of Corporate Personality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Concept of Corporate Personality - Essay Example But over time, the concept was gradually given to all sorts of organizations engaged in commercial ventures such as trading companies, consortia for roadway construction projects, groups formed to undertake public infrastructure but funded by a private group of individuals (Hoffman 18) and the so-called parastatals or government-owned corporations. The category of parastatal can mean also a state-owned enterprise (SOE) which is similar to government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs). Either, both are formed specifically to operate in commercial ventures but with a public-interest nature in them such as building bridges, tollways, waterworks and sewerage systems which affect the entire community rather than just a small group of people. An SOE or GOCC is, therefore, the same as a private stock company in terms of issuing shares of stocks but only in this instance, the state either holds all the shares or a majority thereof. As a stock company, it has an inherent obligation to give a decent return on investment (ROI) to its investors from the tolls or tax revenues it is able to raise by virtue of being a stock company; UK laws often require golden shares retained (Mahoobi 107). Because the law now allows an organization like a commercial corporation to acquire a legal personality separate from the personalities of the members who formed a corporation, it has created a new but extremely important legal technicality. With this concept of a separate personality, the corporation separately on its own can acquire or buy assets and in same way or manner also incur debts in the course of its operations. This gave rise to another concept which is limited liability. This simply means the creditors of a corporation, in the event it goes bankrupt, can run after the assets of that bankrupt corporation in the hope of satisfying debts or credits it had extended to the corporation in the ordinary course of business.

MENO AND EUTHYPHRO'S DILEMMA Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MENO AND EUTHYPHRO'S DILEMMA - Coursework Example This explains the principal source of the dilemma. The dilemma can be related to how virtue and ethics are defined in Meno’s dialogue. The dialogue lacks a satisfactory definition of virtue and ethics. Meno provides a list of varieties of virtue. Socrates points out a weakness in this, that many people are mistaken about what is good and evil. He asks if it is possible to acquire good things virtuously for them to be truly good (Harriet 133). His questions reveal that he considers a successful definition as one that is unitary. The dilemma arising from the words, â€Å"I love her since she is beautiful, or is it that she is beautiful because of my love for her,† is that beauty is subjective in the first case. I may love her because I think she is beautiful, in the contrary another person may think she is ugly. In the second case, it would mean I lack the knowledge of knowing what is beautiful. In life, we still face Euthyphro’s dilemmas. For instance, what we consider good may not be so for others. In this case, goodness is subjective to our own liking. For instance, do I love my mother because she carried me in her womb for 9 months, or because she carried me in her womb for 9 months, I love my mother? In the first case, it means all persons love their mothers for this reason, which is not true. The second argument is also impractical because there are individuals who were carried for 9 months and they still hate their

Primary Critical Anaylysis of Edward Albee's The Zoo Essay

Primary Critical Anaylysis of Edward Albee's The Zoo - Essay Example In the play "The Zoo Story" by Edward Albee in 1958 first performed in Berlin at the Schiller Theater Werkstatt, 1959. The "zoo" imagery runs throughout the play and the actual crisis emerges from the sentence that Jerry enters saying "I've been to the zoo". Jerry reflects a "great weariness" and questions the verisimilitude of "social prosperity" and "happiness" that the optimism that seem to surround the American Dream. The isolation and the confinement of his free life becomes the curse of the modern society. He is free to remain condemned, and hardly can share a relationship with even an animal. The one-act drama revolves around the concept of the 'zoo' that belies the 'Disneyland' of American promise of superabundance and civility. My present concern in this paper is to analyze the questions that Jerry raises and how he escapes through his death. On a fine Sunday afternoon Peter sits on a park bench reading a book, just when Jerry enters looking a bit tattered and ragged. He starts a conversation with Peter which takes a violent turn after Jerry goes into a detailed analysis of his life at his apartment, and his relationship with a dog the story that he names "THE STORY OF JERRY AND THE DOG!". The dialogues about his personal life and that of the present turn seamy which ultimately takes a dangerous note when he starts telling Peter what exactly he saw in the zoo. Peters request to leave becomes ridiculous when Jerry starts to tickle him without reason, almost bordering on absurdity. While continuing with his zoo story Jerry challenges Peter repeatedly to leave the bench and hits him on his hand. Angry at the illogicality of Jerry's response he starts a fight and ultimately falls into Jerry trap when he picks up his knife and Jerry lunges on him killing himself. Jerry dies with a fitting parody of a prayer. The speech of Jerry borders on madness and implicitly becomes a subversive force to unsettle the middle-class morals that seem to be the binding force of the American bourgeoisie. Jerry questions traditional concept of roles as he confuses "wife" with "parakeets", "cats" and often compares Peter's household with a zoo that makes a mockery of marriage and human relationships. Most importantly it becomes a satire against the concept of the "family" as portrayed by the popular American image, like the "The Brady Bunch", a sitcom aired between 1969 and 1974. Clearly Jerry and peter represent two different worlds.1The typical archetype of "good old mom" and "good old pop" are just ideals that the society forces on us and thus Jerry says that the empty picture frames that should have framed another picture perfect moment is just a sham and his family history is just another terrible "middle-European joke". Again he scandalizes middle-class morality by professing that he was "once" a homose xual and graphically gives a detailed encounter of his landlady and the "pretty little ladies" who are just an embodiment of carnal "desires". This is a mockery of the prudery as he says "People looked up. It always happens when I try to simplify things; people look up" Jerry is not stupid, infact he is quite learned since he tragically says that he is "howling because [he] is alive". Characters like the hellish dog, the "colored queen",

Crime Scene Photography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Scene Photography - Research Paper Example Photography is one of the four major tasks of crime scene documentation, the other three of which include note taking, sketching and videography. All four of these tasks are necessary and cannot be used as substitutes for one another. As Miller (2003) asserts, the purpose of documentation using still photography is to "provide a true and accurate pictorial record of the crime scene and physical evidence present" (p. 122). Still photography is used to document the initial condition of a crime scene. Photographs not only serve as a permanent record but also help investigators in analyzing and examining the crime scene away from the actual location of the crime. The number of photographs taken cannot be predetermined. All photographs taken should be preserved in a photo log, along with an accurate documentation of the time, date, roll number, camera settings such as shutter speed, exposure number, and distance from the object. The basic equipment required for crime scene photography inc ludes a 35-millimeter camera, wide-angle lens (28-35 mm), normal lens (50-60 mm), tripod, electronic flash, close-up lens, flashlight, batteries and photo log sheets. In case of close-up photographs, document placards should be used and the flash must be detached from the camera. The side lighting effects used must be proper and the photos should be taken both with and without scales. The exteriors and interiors of the crime scene must also be thoroughly photographed and documented. 2. Photography – mai.mercyhurst.edu (2011) There have been innumerable instances where cases have been successfully solved through the use of "accurate and complete" photographs (mai.mercyhurst.edu, 2011, p. 61). For an investigator, analyst, jurist, and anyone else not present at a crime scene, photographs serve as the only means of accurately observing the crime scene by examining the remains and the environmental factors that affect the state of the victim. A still image of the original positio n of the remains of a crime can prove invaluable to forensic experts and anthropologists. There have been great technological advancements in digital photography and it is possible to take detailed and clear pictures affordably and conveniently. It is thus "inexcusable for investigators to leave a crime scene without a good photographic record (mai.mercyhurst.edu, 2011, p. 61). Good photography combined with appropriate mapping/diagramming and note taking is essential for the accurate reconstruction of a crime scene. These three activities not only supplement one another but also overcome each other's shortcomings. Crime scenes are temporary with regards to both space and time, and the concerted utility of these three tasks is essential for crime scene investigation. The utility of photographs is limited by the fact that they record only a certain perspective and are affected by parallax errors. On the other hand, diagrams and maps are merely schematic and notes are limited by their lack of "visual depiction" (mai.mercyhurst.edu, 2011, p. 61). Thus, the shortcomings of each of the three methods are overcome as they supplement one another. 3. Crime Scene Investigation: The Foundation Stone of Crime Detection, Investigation and Prosecution – Dr. B.P. Maithil and Rajesh Mishra (2007) A crime-scene investigation unit must always include a photographer and a videographer. Photographs taken at a crime

Acquainted with the Night and the oil painting Nighthawks Assignment

Acquainted with the Night and the oil painting Nighthawks - Assignment Example The essay "Acquainted with the Night and the oil painting Nighthawks" discovers the Robert Frost's poem â€Å"Acquainted with the Night† and the oil painting of Edward Hopper titled, â€Å"Nighthawks.† The images in the poem revolve around the theme. The night, rain, his aloofness, and solitary walking towards the â€Å"furthest city lane† all lead readers to imagine the loneliness and isolation of the man. There is no mention of company, relationships, etc. Only a watchman, whom the persona ignores, is mentioned in the poem. His isolation is strongly expressed by the pronoun â€Å"I† at the start of each line in the first stanza. Noticeably, seven out of fourteen lines of the poem start with â€Å"I.† This recurrence of the reference to the persona strongly suggests his isolation. In â€Å"Nighthawks,† the theme of shadow and solitude is also reflected as the scene is set at night. Shadow is literally cast on the background and the idea of s uffering may be felt with the forlorn gesture of one customer in the diner. The man who sits alone on the left seems to represent the persona in Frost’s poem. He displays the same solitariness expressed by the persona. He wears a blue coat and hat, drinks alone, and refuses to talk to the other figures. Like the persona in the poem, he submits to shadow. In contrast, the other figures seem to be enjoying each other’s company. Therefore, unlike the poem that centers on the theme of shadow and solitude, the painting also hints on the brighter side of life. The light in the diner agrees.

Report of a car manufacturer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report of a car manufacturer - Essay Example However, the main market is automotive industry which is globally expanding as demand for all types of vehicles is increasing. Keeping this view in mind, it is highly essential that more cars should be sold through using the support of information technology and information needs of potential cars buyers. The financial performance requires more improvement. For example, the figure 01 clearly highlights that Ford made $20,213m and $5,665m and ,155m net income in 2011, 2012, and 2013 respectively; this reflects that the company has made the highest income in 2011 and the smallest in 2012 and the average net income in 2013. Based on this information, it can be deduced that the company has potential to earn more income. For this purpose, the company’s strategic management requires additional information for consideration and making effective decisions for improving the financial performance of the company. Also, this can be only done through improving and increasing the sale of cars as this business segment has the highest potential for the company. And there are valid and strong reasons to support this point. First, personal or family cars have become an important part of today life as every middle class family always prefers to have a car for satisfying the family requiremen ts, such as travel, school pick and drop and other emergency services. Keeping this view in mind, it is highly essential that the company should primarily focus on manufacturing and selling cars by considering the family need. Ford must focus in Asia. Currently, both China and India are two fastest growing economies where the middle class is increasing along with growing purchasing power. This market should be focused as it has a very attractive market potential for the company. Based on the different requirements of both markets, following information should be obtained which can be further processed for supporting and improving decision-making and

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay Example for Free

Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find Essay Throughout Flannery OConnors A Good Man is Hard To Find, hints are given to the readers that foretell what is in store, foreshadowing the grotesque ending that is to come. These insinuations of the forthcoming become coincidences later in the story when they actually do develop into reality, creating mocking irony. The names within the story can be considered foreshadowing themselves. For example, the name of the town where the family is murdered is called Toombsboro. The word Toombsboro can be separated into two words: Tombs and Bury. These are words that signify death. The fact that the author chose this as a name for the town, implies the foul event that will insure later in the story. The first moment that foreshadowed the future was the article about the Misfit that the grandmother showed Bailey. She told him, A Misfit is aloose from the Federal Pen and headed toward FloridaI wouldnt take my children in any direction with a criminal like that aloose in it.(368) This moment sets up a major coincidence when the family later runs into the Misfit. Plus, it was an irony because the Grandmother had attempted to persuade the family not to go in the direction the Misfit was heading. Yet, unfortunately only June Star paid any attention to the comment, and the family did run into the criminal. Additionally, a less obvious evidence of foreshadowing occurred when June Star announced, She [The Grandmother] wouldnt stay at home for a million bucks. She has to go everywhere we go(368) This can be read as a direct foreshadowing of the order and occurrence of the grandmothers death. When the family comes across the Misfit, and each family member is taken into the forest, the reader wonders why every time Bobby Lee and Hiram return without the family member. Eventually, one realizes they have all been killed. So, June Stars comment that the grandmother goes everywhere the family goes can be read as a signal that she will meet the same end that they did. Plus, the fact that she follows the family indicated that she would die last.Furthermore, although the grandmother did not want to go to Florida, she still unpredictably dresses up. The grandmother wore, A navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a savvy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her neckline she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet. (369) OConnor says that the reason for the grandmothers proper dress was, in case of an accident, anyone seeing her  dead on the highway would know at once that she was a lady.(369) She therefore foresaw her own death, or at least foreshadowed it. It also shows how she represents the properness and rich religious beliefs of the south. Yet another foreshadowing is portrayed when the family passed by a cotton field with five or six graves fenced in the middle of it, like a small island (370). It is not an accident that there are five or six graves, which evidently matches the exact number of people in the car. Five people and the sixth is the baby. The baby is not precisely a full complete person, hence the ambiguity of the number of graves. Flannery OConnor uses foreshadowing to give the readers slight hints of what is to come, foretelling the grotesque fate of the family. Insinuations are made through titles, comments, clothes, and sites, setting the scene for surprising irony later in the familys journey.

Types Of School Essay Example for Free

Types Of School Essay All children in England are entitled to a free place at school from the age of 4 until they are 16 although the law was changed in 2008. The new law states that young people, until the age of 18 if they were born on or after 1st September 1997, must stay in either: Full time education Training schemes such as apprenticeships Part time education or training as well as part time work whether that be paid or voluntary There are many different types of schools across England. Each with different working practises and different funding methods. Children are able to enter infant schools from the age of 4 until they are 7. They then move onto the junior section which from 7 until 11. From junior school they progress to secondary school at the age of 11 until the age of 16-18 depending on their birth year. Pre-schoolSame Sex School Grammar SchoolBoarding SchoolForest school Boarding SchoolSteiner School Types of School Faith SchoolAcademies Language schoolComprehensiveBehavioural Units Art/Dance SchoolPrivate School A local education authority maintained school is one that is funded by the local education authority where pupils have to follow the national curriculum and will be one of the following: Foundation school Community school Voluntary controlled school Voluntary aided school Nursery school. Early education for eligible three and four year olds may be offered in nursery schools, nursery classes or in reception classes in  primary schools. All these are examples of LEA maintained schools. Special school. Some special schools are local education authority maintained schools. These could be community, voluntary or foundation special schools. Pupils at a maintained special school usually have been assessed and given a statement of special educational needs (SEN). Some special schools are independent schools. Community schools Community schools are funded by the local education authority who also employ the staff. Pupils have to follow the national curriculum and the admissions policy is usually set out and delivered by the LEA. The governing body is responsible for the day to day running of the school but the LEA owns the school site. The local education authority is expected to provide support services to community schools such as educational needs services and psychological services. Voluntary schools There are two types of voluntary schools:- Controlled Aided Voluntary controlled schools A voluntary controlled school can also be called a religious or faith school. The local authority fund these schools, employ the staff and provide the support services. The land and buildings are owned by a charity, often a religious organisation such as a church. The charity have the authority to appoint some members of the governing body but the LEA is responsible for the running of the school. The admissions policy is set out and administered by the LEA. Voluntary aided schools Voluntary aided schools are usually called religious schools or faith schools. In a voluntary aided school the land and buildings are owned by a charity, as with voluntary controlled schools, but the governing body is responsible for running the school. The governing body employs the staff as well as determining the admissions policy in consultation with the LEA. The LEA provides the support services for these schools. Foundation schools In foundation schools the land and buildings are owned by a governing body, who are also responsible for running the school. The local education authority funds the school and the governing body employs the staff as well as providing most of the support services for the school. The admissions policy is determined by the governing body, in consultation with the LEA. There are various sorts of schools that are not maintained by the local education authority. Most of these schools do not have to follow the national curriculum. These include: Independent schools City technology colleges Academies Special schools not maintained by the local education authority Early learning organisations. Independent schools In an independent school the governing body is responsible for the day to day running of the school who also determine the admissions policy with the head teacher. They are funded by fees paid by parents and sometimes by charitable trust funds. The head teacher with the backing of the governing body employs the staff and either the head teacher or the governing body manage and be responsible for the running of support services. City technology colleges City technology colleges are independent non-fee paying schools and are situated in urban areas. Pupils follow a curriculum that is similar to the national one with the addition of an emphasis on technological and practical skills. The department for children, schools and families (DCSF) along with commercial sponsors fund the college and share the responsibility of the running of the school with the company that owns it. The governing body employs the staff as well as buy in and manage support services. The admissions policy is determined and administered by the governing body. Academies Academies are independently-managed, all-ability schools which operate outside the control of the local authority. In a city academy the government  funds the schools running costs and employs the staff. Special schools not maintained by the local education authority Some schools for pupils with special educational needs are not maintained by the local education authority. In some cases the local education authority may pay the fees so that a pupil with special educational needs may attend one of these schools if this school best meets their needs. Early learning organisations Early learning for eligible three and four year olds may be offered in independent playgroups, private day nurseries or independent schools. A part time place will be free, but a parent will usually have to pay fees if a child is attending on a full time basis.

Marketing and Organisation’s Micro- and Macro-environment

Marketing and Organisation’s Micro- and Macro-environment Marketing Macro Organisation Marketing and the organisation’s micro- and macro-environments 1. The micro-environment The term micro-environment denotes those elements over which the marketing firm has control or which it can use in order to gain information that will better help it in its marketing operations. In other words, these are elements that can be manipulated, or used to glean information, in order to provide fuller satisfaction to the company’s customers. The objective of marketing philosophy is to make profits through satisfying customers. This is accomplished through the manipulation of the variables over which a company has control in such a way as to optimise this objective. The variables are what Neil Borden has termed ‘the marketing mix’ which is a combination of all the ‘ingredients’ in a ‘recipe’ that is designed to prove most attractive to customers. In this case the ingredients are individual elements that marketing can manipulate into the most appropriate mix. E Jerome McCarthy further dubbed the variables that the company can contr ol in order to reach its target market the ‘four Ps’. Each of these is discussed in detail in later chapters, but a brief discussion now follows upon each of these elements of the marketing mix together with an explanation of how they fit into the overall notion of marketing. 1.1 The ‘four Ps’ and the marketing mix The ‘four Ps’ stands for: Product Price Place and Promotion Product and price are obvious, but perhaps place and promotion need more explanation. Place, it is felt, might better be termed ‘placement’ because it comprises two distinct elements. The first element is channels of distribution that is the outlets and methods through which a company’s goods or services are sold. Thus a channel can be certain types of retail outlet or it can be salespeople selling a company’s industrial products through say a channel which comprises buyers in the chemical industry. The other part of place refers to logistics that relates to the physical warehousing and transportation of goods from the manufacturer to the end customer. Thus, placement might be a better descriptor as it refers to the placing of goods or services from the supplier to the customer. In fact, place has its own individual ‘mix’ which is termed the ‘distribution mix’. Promotion also has its individual ‘mix’ that is called the ‘promotional mix’. This comprises advertising, selling and sales promotion. In fact promotion is a misnomer, because in advertising agency circles the mention of promotion usually means ‘sales promotion’. Some writers are now separating selling away from promotion and calling it ‘people’ because it is too important an element of marketing to be lumped in with promotion, although in reality it is still promotion (through word of mouth). This fifth P (people) are those who contact customers on a regular basis with the objective of ultimately gaining orders and these people comprise the salesforce. We can thus see that selling is a component part of overall marketing. There are two more Ps for service marketing, but these are dealt with later. 1.2 Models of marketing Figure 1 attempts to sum up what is meant by marketing at a very simple level. In fact it is one of the earliest models ever attempted to explain the meaning of marketing. Information Firm Customer Operation Figure 1 Simple diagrammatic representation of marketing In Figure 1 we see information coming from customers to the supplying company. This information is noted and goods or services are supplied to customers in line with customer needs. The information flow represents an exchange of ideas whilst the operation flow represents an exchange of meanings. Figure 2 is perhaps a more precise diagram of what is meant by marketing and one which we can begin to understand from what has already been said. Marketing Sales Research Forecasting Buyer Behaviour Supplier Customer Product Price Distribution Promotion Personal Segmentation selling targeting positioning Channels Logistics Advertising Sales promotion Figure 2 Model of the process of marketing This more complex model better explains what we are now beginning to understand about marketing. The bottom line represents the elements of the marketing mix over which a company has control. These elements are manipulated in such a way as to best suit customers’ needs and tastes and this represents an operational flow where things have to be done in order to arrive at the optimum marketing mix. Remember that there are sub-mixes within the individual elements of the marketing mix. This bottom line also equates to the earlier notion of the four Ps, or rather the five Ps, as personal selling has been separated from promotion and becomes ‘people’. The top line represents an information flow from the market to the firm. Data is collected through discussions and interviews with customers on and informal and formal basis. A whole range of techniques is available for this process and this is collectively termed marketing research. A more advanced strategic model that incorporates marketing research is embodied in a marketing information system (MkIS) and this is dealt with in a later lecture. In addition, data is collected from customers in relation to their likely future purchases and this is known as sales forecasting. Another raft of techniques is available for the subject of sales forecasting which lies at the very heart of marketing and business planning. Thus we begin to see how marketing orientation works. Customers are the starting point and sales forecasting and marketing research determine their likely requirements and tastes. This information is processed internally within the organisation and products and promotional messages are devised to suit customers’ needs, to allay their purchasing fears and to reinforce their expectations. Goods and services are supplied as and when required in the quantities needed and when they are requested not later and not earlier. This latter point is reinforced, because modern marketing dictates that customers demand their goods as needed and this lies at the base of the latest notion of ‘just-in-time’ manufacturing which relates to raw materials and components. This is covered later in the text and it has tremendous implications for modern marketing. 1.3 The place of marketing alongside other elements of business Marketing is but one function within business. Arguably it is the most critical function because it interprets customers’ needs and requirements into products and services and repeat business without which a business cannot continue. In fact a modern view of marketing puts customers in the centre and marketing as the interpretative function surrounding the customer with other major functions of business around this as shown in Figure 3. The idea is that all functions of business should be geared towards the satisfactions of customers’ requirements and this has led to the new notion of customer care. Figure 3 The place of marketing in the modern organisation At a more traditional level, marketing is often found alongside other major functions within business and Figure 4 illustrates this relationship. This organisation chart does not, of course, refer to all business organisations and to a large extent it is the ‘ideal’ theoretical structure. Companies tend to evolve and develop in a non-textbook manner, and in practice many different organisation charts can be found as a result of all kinds of illogicalities that defy modern management thinking. Such illogical functions might well exist because of the forceful personality of a head of department, whose department has assumed a position of power within an organisation through his or her own personal disposition, and there is no managerial justification for putting it in such a position of power in line management. An example could be the material control department that might report direct to the managing director rather than being a sub-function within the purchasing depart ment. Another example, quite commonly found, is a situation where a sales director can be found in the line alongside a marketing director. In such a situation, it might be a forceful sales director in a sales driven organisation who will not assume the responsibility for marketing, but who is too powerful to put into a subordinate position under marketing. With this background in mind, a ‘textbook’ organisation chart might be as shown in figure 4 (next page): Board of directors (responsible for policy making) Company Secretary General Manager Corporate Strategy Production Marketing Research Development Purchasing Finance Human Resource Management Management Services (Computing) Figure 4 A Traditional Organisation Chart In this organisation chart we can see the place of marketing alongside other major functions of line management. At the top there is the board of directors who are responsible for giving the organisation its strategic direction. Members of the board are not necessarily full-time employees of the company. Indeed, in many larger companies, they tend to be from outside the organisation and the expertise they lend to the board can be on a variety of criteria. Such people might, for instance, be strategy experts, financial experts, people who lend distinction to an organisation (e.g. somebody with a title) and people who are there because they are on the board of directors of other companies and can bring a cross fertilisation of ideas, financial linkages and potential inter-firm dealings. The general manager is the person who translates policy into tactics and is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the company. In most companies the general manager is a member of the board of directors and in such cases his or her title would then be managing director. The company secretary is responsible for legal and administrative matters in addition to serving as the secretary to the board of directors. This person also ensures that board meetings take place at intervals stipulated in the company’s articles of association, and that policies that are decided are implemented. For this reason, the role of company secretary is a lateral relationship and is not in the line of command. This also applies to the relatively new function of corporate strategy whose function may be carried out by general management, but is often a separate, relatively small, function whose role it is to ensure that all subdivisions in the organisation have a plan (e.g. a marketing plan) and that each of these plans fits into the overall corporate plan without there being any mismatches (e.g. marketing might plan to market more than the firm can produce). The major line functions are responsible for translating strategy into tactics in terms of the organisation’s everyday operations and this includes such matters as manufacturing, training and recruitment, design and selling. As was discussed in the first chapter, marketing is a relatively modern function and it encompasses the function of selling (although as discussed earlier, in many organisations the two functions are sometimes separated). In many organisations, heads of these line functions are sometimes members of the board of directors in which case they would then have ‘director’ behind their title (e.g. marketing director, financial director). In such cases their responsibilities would cover both strategic matters (being a member of the board of directors) and tactical matters (being a functional head of department). 2 The proximate macro-environment The term macro-environment denotes all forces and agencies external to the marketing firm itself. Some of these forces and agencies will be closer to the operation of the firm than others, e.g. a firm’s suppliers, agents, distributors and other distributive intermediaries and competing firms. These ‘closer’ external constituents are often collectively referred to as the firm’s proximate macro-environment to distinguish them from the wider external forces found, for example, in the legal, cultural, economic and technological sub-environments. This consists of people, organizations and forces within the firm’s immediate external environment. Of particular importance to marketing firms are the sub-environments of suppliers, competitors and distributors (intermediaries). These sub-environments can each have a significant effect upon the marketing firm. 2.1 The supplier environment This consists of other business firms or individuals who provide the marketing firm with raw materials, product constituents, services or, in the case of retailing firms, possibly the finished goods themselves. Firms, whether they be retailers or manufacturers, will often depend on numerous suppliers. The buyer/supplier relationship is one of mutual economic interdependence, both parties relying on the other for their commercial well-being. Although both parties are seeking stability and security from their relationship, factors in the supplier environment are subject to change, such as industrial disputes which will affect delivery of materials to the buying company, or a sudden increase in raw material prices which forces suppliers to raise their prices. Whatever the product or service being purchased by the marketing firm, unexpected developments in the supplier environment can have an immediate and potentially serious effect on the firm’s commercial operations. Because of this, marketing management, by means of the marketing intelligence component of its marketing information system, should continually monitor changes and potential changes in the supplier environment and have contingency plans ready to deal with potentially adverse developments. 2.2 The distributive environment Much reliance is placed on marketing intermediaries such as wholesalers, factors, agents and distributors to ensure that their products reach the final consumer. To a casual observer, it may seem that the conventional method of distribution in any particular industry is relatively static. This is because changes in the distributive environment occur relatively slowly, and there is therefore a danger of marketing firms failing to appreciate the commercial significance of cumulative change. Existing channels may be declining in popularity over time, while new channels may be developing unnoticed by the marketing firm. Nowhere has this ‘creeping’ change been more apparent over recent years in the UK and other parts of the world than in the retailing of fast moving consumer goods (fmcg). In the 1960s well over half of all fmcg retail trade was accounted for in the independent sector plus a further large proportion to the Co-operative Societies. Nowadays, the sector represent ed by the larger food multiples has well in excess of this proportion. 2.3 The competitive environment Management must be alert to the potential threat of other companies marketing similar and substitute product whether they are of domestic or foreign origin. In some industries there may be numerous world-wide manufacturers posing a potential competitive threat and in others there may only be a few. Whatever the type, size and composition of the industry, it is essential that marketing management has a full understanding of competitive forces. Companies need to establish exactly who their competitors are and the benefits they are offering to the market. Armed with this knowledge, the company will have a greater opportunity to compete effectively. 3 The wider macro-environment Changes in the wider macro-environment may not be as close to the marketing firm’s day-to-day operations, but they are just as important. The main factors making up these wider macro-environmental forces fall into four groups. Political and legal factors Economic factors Social and cultural factors Technological factors (Often referred to as the ‘PEST’ factors in the marketing analytical context, a useful aide-memoire, although in some texts it is sometimes referred to as ‘STEP’). To this is sometimes added ‘Competitive factors’ and although ‘PEST’ analysis relates to a specific organisation ‘Competitive factors’ tend to be subsumed under ‘Economic factors’. Such a PEST analysis means listing all possible points that may affect the organisation under review under each of the P.E.S.T. headings. Recently, some texts have added ‘L’ (standing for legal) and ‘E’ (standing for environmental) to this classification, making the acronym ‘PESTLE’. Even more recently, some writers have incorporated yet another ‘E’ (standing for ecological) with the new acronym ‘STEEPLE’. 3.1 The political and legal environment To many companies, domestic political considerations are likely to be of prime concern. However, firms involved in international operations are faced with the additional dimension of international political developments. Many firms export and may have joint ventures or subsidiary companies abroad. In many countries, particularly those in the so-called ‘Third World’ or more latterly termed ‘Developing Nations’, the domestic political and economic situation is usually less stable than in the UK. Marketing firms operating in such volatile conditions clearly have to monitor the local political situation very carefully. Many of the legal, economic and social developments, in our own society and in others, are the direct result of political decisions put into practice, for example the privatization of state industries or the control of inflation. In summary, whatever industry the marketing firm is involved in, changes in the political and legal environments at both the domestic and international levels can affect the company and therefore needs to be fully understood. 3.2 The economic environment Economic factors are of concern to marketing firms because they are likely to influence, among other things, demand, costs, prices and profits. These economic factors are largely outside the control of the individual firm, but their effects on individual enterprises can be profound. Political and economic forces are often strongly related. A much quoted example in this context is the ‘oil crisis’ caused by the Middle East War in 1973 which produced economic shock waves throughout the Western world, resulting in dramatically increased crude oil prices. This, in turn increased energy costs as well as the cost of many oil-based raw materials such as plastics and synthetic fibres. This contributed significantly to a world economic recession, and it all serves to demonstrate how dramatic economic change can upset the traditional structures and balances in the world business environment. As can be seen, changes in world economic forces are potentially highly significant to marketing firms, particularly those engaged in international marketing. However, an understanding of economic changes and forces in the domestic economy is also of vital importance as such forces have the most immediate impact. One such factor is a high level of unemployment, which decreases the effective demand for many luxury consumer goods, adversely affecting the demand for the industrial machinery required to produce such goods. Other domestic economic variables are the rate of inflation and the level of domestic interest rates, which affect the potential return from new investments and can inhibit the adoption and diffusion of new technologies. In addition to these more indirect factors, competitive firms can also pose a threat to the marketing company so their activities should be closely monitored. It is therefore vital that marketing firms continually monitor the economic environment at both domestic and world levels. Economic changes pose a set of opportunities and threats, and by understanding and carefully monitoring the economic environment, firms should be in a position to guard against potential threats and to capitalize on opportunities. 3.3 The socio-cultural environment This is perhaps the most difficult element of the macro-environment to evaluate, manifesting itself in changing tastes, purchasing behaviour and changing priorities. The type of goods and services demanded by consumers is a function of their social conditioning and their consequent attitudes and beliefs. Core cultural values are those firmly established within a society and are therefore difficult to change. They are perpetuated through family, the church, education and the institutions of society and act as relatively fixed parameters within which marketing firms are forced to operate. Secondary cultural values, however, tend to be less strong and therefore more likely to undergo change. Generally, social change is preceded by changes over time in a society’s secondary cultural values, for example the change in social attitude towards credit. As recently as the 1960s, personal credit, or hire purchase as is sometimes known, was generally frowned upon and people having such arrangements tended not to discuss it in public. Today, offering instant credit has become an integral part of marketing, with many of us regularly using credit cards and store accounts. Indeed, for many people it is often the availability and terms of credit offered that are major factors in deciding to pu rchase a particular product. Marketing firms have also had to respond to changes in attitude towards health, for example, in the food industry people are now questioning the desirability of including artificial preservatives, colourings and other chemicals in the food they eat. The decline in the popularity of smoking is a classic example of how changes in social attitudes have posed a significant threat to an industry, forcing tobacco manufacturers to diversify out of tobacco products and into new areas of growth. Changes in attitudes towards working women have led to an increase in demand for convenience foods, ‘one-stop’ shopping and the widespread adoption of such time-saving devices as microwave cookers. Marketing firms have had to react to these changes. In addition, changes in moral attitudes from the individualism of the ‘permissive society’ of the 1960s and early 1970s to the present emphasis on health, economic security and more stable relationships, are all contributory factors to a dynamically changing socio-cultural environment that must be considered by companies when planning for the future. 3.4 The technological environment Technology is a major macro-environmental variable which has influenced the development of many of the products we take for granted today, for example, television, calculators, video recorders and desk-top computers. Marketing firms themselves play a part in technological progress, many having their own research department or sponsoring research through universities and other institutions, thus playing a part in innovating new developments and new applications. One example of how technological change has affected marketing activities is in the development of electronic point of sale (EPOS) data capture at the retail level. The ‘laser checkout’ reads a bar code on the product being purchased and stores information that is used to analyse sales and re-order stock, as well as giving customers a printed readout of what they have purchased and the price charged. Manufacturers of fast-moving consumer goods, particularly packaged grocery products, have been forced to respond to these technological innovations by incorporating bar codes on their product labels or packaging. In this way, a change in the technological environment has affected the products and services that firms produce and the way in which firms carry out their business operations. 4 Other macro-environmental factors The macro-environmental factors discussed are not intended to be an exhaustive list, but merely to demonstrate the main areas of environmental change. Other sub-environments may be important to marketing management, for example, in some countries the religious environment may pose an important source of opportunities and threats for firms. In the UK, demographic changes are considered important by a number of firms. In general, the UK population has been stable at approximately 56 million for a number of years, but the birth rate is falling, while people are living longer. Firms that produce goods and services suitable for babies and small children (e.g. Mothercare) have seen their traditional markets remain static or decline slightly. Such companies have tended to diversify, offering products targeted at older age groups. A larger older sector of the population offers opportunities for firms to produce goods and services to satisfy their particular needs. The over-55 age group is the modern marketer’s current major opportunity. In all advanced economies such as the Australia, UK and USA it is this age group that has the largest disposable income, and special products and services such as holidays and pension-related financial services are being marketed to this sector. 5 Summary The company’s micro-environment has been discussed in terms of variables over which it has control relevant to the marketing mix. This led to a description of marketing and its various sub-divisions including information from the market-place in terms of forecasting and marketing research. Marketing was then looked at alongside other business functions and its place in line management was noted. The company’s proximate macro-environment was then examined under supplier, distributive and competitive environment environments and finally the wider macro-environment was examined under the headings: political and legal, economic, socio-cultural and technological environments. This can best be summed up by looking what has been covered in terms of a number of layers in the environment from customers, to marketing and resources of the company, to the organisation’s proximate macro-environment and finally to its wider macro-environment. This is illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 5 An Organisation’s various environments The outer layer consists of the wider macro-environmental PEST factors. The next layer concerns the proximate macro-environment factors cited under section 2. This also includes the organisation’s ‘publics’ that is a public relations term dealt with later, but which essentially means any group of individuals who are affected by or are in touch with the company in any context (e.g. those who supply finance or those who live near the company’s manufacturing plant). The next layer is the organisation’s strategic marketing planning and control system. The tactics that deliver the strategy are the four Ps and these are in the next layer. The final inner circle is the most important and it is customers from which all planning must start. The phrase of being a ‘customer led’ organisation is at the very heart of marketing orientation and indeed tactics of customer care help to cement long term customer relationships.

Gladiatorial Combat In Rome :: Gladiators, Chariots, Roman Games

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gladiatorial contests (munera gladitoria), hold a central place in our perception of Roman behavior. They were also a big influence on how Romans themselves ordered their lives. Attending the games was one of the practices that went with being a Roman. The Etruscans who introduced this type of contest in the sixth century BC, are credited with its development but its the Romans who made it famous. A surviving feature of the Roman games was when a gladiator fell he was hauled out of the arena by a slave dressed as the Etruscan death-demon Charun. The slave would carry a hammer which was the demon's attribute. Moreover, the Latin term for a trainer-manager of gladiators (lanista), was believed to be an Etruscan word. (4:50) Gladiators of Ancient Rome lived their lives to the absolute fullest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gladiatorial duels had originated from funeral games given in order to satisfy the dead man's need for blood, and for centuries their principle occasions were funerals. The first gladiatorial combats therefore, took place at the graves of those being honored, but once they became public spectacles they moved into amphitheaters. (2:83) As for the gladiators themselves, an aura of religious sacrifice continued to hang about their combats. Obviously most spectators just enjoyed the massacre without any remorseful reflections. Even ancient writers felt no pity, they were aware that gladiators had originated from these holocausts in honor of the dead. What was offered to appease the dead was counted as a funeral rite. It is called munus (a service) from being a service due. The ancients thought that by this sort of spectacle they rendered a service to the dead, after they had made it a more cultured form of cruelty. The belief was that the souls of the dead are appeased with human blood, they use to sacrifice captives or slaves of poor quality at funerals. Afterwards it seemed good to obscure their impiety by making it a pleasure. (6:170) So after the acquired person had been trained to fight as best they can, their training was to learn to be killed! For such reasons gladiators were sometimes known as bustuarii or funeral men. Throughout many centuries of Roman history, these commemorations of the dead were still among the principle occasions for such combats. Men writing their wills often made provisions for gladiatorial duels in connection with their funerals. Early in the first century AD, the people of Pollentia forcibly prevented the burial of an official, until his heirs had been compelled to provide money for a gladiators' show. (1:174)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was in Campania and Lucania that the gladiatorial games came to their

The Symbolism of the Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence Essay -- Stone A

The Symbolism of the Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence Margaret Laurence's novel, The Stone Angel is a compelling journey of flashbacks seen through the eyes of Hagar Shipley, a ninety year-old woman nearing the end of her life.   In the novel, Margaret Laurence, uses the stone angel to effectively symbolize fictional characters.     The term symbolism in its broadest sense means the use of an object to stand for something other than itself.   In The Stone Angel, Margaret Laurence uses the stone angel to sybmolize the Currie family values and pride and in particular, the pride and cold personality traits of Hagar Shipley.   There are three primary areas where the stone angel is used to symbolize characters in the novel.   They are: the Currie family pride as a symbol of egoism and materialism, Hagar's lack of compassion for her family and friends as symbolized by a heart of stone, and Hagar's blindness to the feelings and needs of the others as symbolized by the blindness of the angel.     The stone angel is symbolic of the Currie family pride and values.   The stone angel memorial is purchased and brought from Italy by Jason Currie at great expense and placed at the grave site of his wife, in the Manawaka cemetery.   The stone angel is the largest and most expensive memorial in the cemetery.   Although the stone angel is intended to be a memorial for Mrs. Currie, it was not really suitable because Hagar describes her as being meek and a feeble ghost.   The angel is not intended for Mrs. Currie, but in fact, represents the materialistic and egotistical values that characterizes Jason and later, Hagar.   Jason purchases the stone angel in pride and not in grief over the death of this wife: "bought in pride to mark her bones and ... ...from her point of view and is blind to the needs and aspirations of others.   She can only see things from her side of the fence and cannot see how others view the world from the other side.   She is a blind as the stone statue. Although the Currie?s family pride is symbolized repeatedly by the stone angel throughout the novel, it is Hagar who is best symbolized the stone angel.   The angel aptly symbolizes the blindness, hardness, and lack of feelings that are characteristics Hagar displays during her life.   In retrospect, Hagar is the stone angel. Works Cited and Consulted Blewett, D.. "The Unity of the Manawaka Cycle." The World of the Novel: A Student's Guide to Margaret Laurence's The Stone Angel. Ed. Lillian Perigoe and Beverly Copping. Scarborough: Prentice Hall Inc., 1983. Laurence, Margaret. The Stone Angel. Toronto: McClelland &Stewart Inc., 1988.

psycho :: essays research papers

Universal Studios presents the 1960 film â€Å"Psycho† by Alfred Hitchcock, adapted from the Robert Bloch novel by Joseph Stephano, and scored by Bernard Hermann. The film stars Anthony Perkins, Vera Miles, Janet Leigh, and a very creepy house. This film falling under the horror genre was based loosely on the novel of the same name which drew inspiration from real life serial killer Ed Gein, who has been the motivation for two other popular movies, â€Å"The Silence of the Lambs† and â€Å"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre†. The budget for â€Å"Psycho† ran under one million dollars and was the last film on Alfred Hitchcock’s contract with Universal. The film was shot entirely on set at Universal studios except for an early shot of Marion Crane’s (Janet Leigh) vehicle parked on the side of the road when she was too tired to continue driving, as well as the car dealership. Due to the budget constraints the films crew were made up of mostly people w ho were working on the, â€Å"Alfred Hitchcock Presents† television show. The film is about a man named Norman Bates, who runs a motel owned by his family. Norman is a victim of his ill mothers love. His mother becomes violent when Norman’s attention has been detracted from her needs. This film is a study of character, suspense, and storytelling; all reasons this film is considered an American classic. This film is unique due to several factors: its presentation, it contained two different point of views (with an interpreted third point of view), and it has some of the most impressive camera work for its time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Psycho† contains many symbols and techniques that pushed the limit of acceptable filmmaking in the 1960’s. The violence had to be tamed in such a way that the audience would not be robbed of the experience. Hitchcock accomplished this by making the film in black and white. Not only did it aid him on the monetary front, but he felt the studio and the audience would be able to handle the graphic nature of the film with this technique. I’ve interpreted the use of black and white as a tool as to not draw attention away from the focal point of the scenes. Without visual distraction, the viewer becomes more attached to each character. Another visual technique is the continuing motif of taxidermy. The characters discuss it briefly, there are some cutaway shots of the animals, but it is mostly left up to the viewer to infer the purpose of the visuals.

Reporting Abuses Essay

Every child must be protected from harm because it can cause many negative effects like trauma, physical and psychological disorders and any other illness that may effect their growth. So, the government makes a law that helps the child from being abused. This law can be found on Penal Code Section 11164 – 1174.4.3 (California Child Abuse and Neglect Law, 2007). This law aims to protect children and to give the rights of every child. This law also states that failure to report any abuses will consider a crime. In this way, everyone will be aware that they have the responsibility to protect every child, even if you don’t know them (California Child Abuse and Neglect Law, 2007). There are several cases of child abuse in our society but with the help of other people, it has been stopped like the story of Jenny (not her real name). She is a 4 year-old girl that lives with her father. Her mother was in the other country to work. Jenny was abused by his father and the poor little kid can’t do anything. One concerned neighbor report this incident. She reports all the maltreatment Jenny’s father do. Jenny’s father was caught and the child was claimed by the social welfare society until her mother arrives. Now, Jenny is living with her mother and her father was still in jail. This incident is an example of child protection. Jenny’s neighbor, even though she never knew her, helps Jenny and gives her the right to enjoy childhood. Based on Ethical Standards of Human Service Professionals, we must protect them from any harm. We must guide, educate, and provide them what they need for them to grow physically, psychologically and socially normal (Ethical Standards of Human Service Professionals, 1996). Reporting child abuses doesn’t mean that you won’t get any protection. The law also states that any reporters will get the protection needed to protect them. In this way, the concerned people won’t be afraid of reporting anyone who commits this crime. Their identity will remain confidential and they will have immunity for civil and criminal liability. The government also ensures that every report is true because if it is false, the reporter will suffer the consequences (The Code of Ethics and Good Practice for Children’s Sport in

A Christmas Carol (English Coursework)

During 1843 Charles Dickens wrote a novel ‘A Christmas Carol'. The novel was influences by the experience Charles Dickens had of the social divide of the rich and the poor during the Victorian times. Charles Dickens had a terrible childhood, his family spent several years in increasing poverty. Dickens was sent to work long hours in a blacking factory. This was because his father was imprisoned for debt in 1824. Dickens spent ten hours a day sticking labels on pots of boot blacking. His life was miserable and he was determined to improve the quality of his and those of other poor people. Crime rates increased dramatically due to poverty and destitution. The memories of these hard times haunted dickens for the rest of his life. He felt bad about the neglect of the poor. In a lot of his work he describes the issues with poverty and the social and physical conditions of Victorian London. He compares these conditions to the wealthy, luxurious lifestyles of the upper class to bring awareness of the disgusting standards of living at the lower end of society, so that everyone could be educated on this subject, he even gave public reading of his own work. London's industrial age helped the UK to become rich and successful. However, this era had affected the country physically, socially, and culturally, because of the establishment of the factory system. Many people began moving to cities in search of a secure job, this lead to a huge growth in the population. This caused there to be three times more people living in Great Britain at the end of the century than the beginning. The overcrowding resulted in conditions that were dangerous and caused an increase in crime and poverty. In London the river Thames was full of sewage and the air was full of soot and pollution. Young children and adults were forced to work 14 hours a day and were paid rock bottom wages even though they were working in life threatening conditions. The poor had no jobs, not enough food and had a low life expectancy of twenty nine. This was because most people in the bottom end of society were malnourished which was caused by starvation they also couldn't afford healthcare. However, the higher classes made increasing profits at the expense of the poor. The rich took advantage of the poor by forcing them to work long hours in life threatening conditions for little pay. The rich thought the poor were poor because they were lazy and couldn't be bothered to do anything. At the beginning of the novel the reader is immediately given a negative impression of scrooge being a stingy old man. Dickens emphasises the point by describing Scrooge with many words that all mean nearly the same: â€Å"Oh but he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! A squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! This is effective in showing the reader that his desire for money comes before anything else. It shows that his number one priority is making as much profit as possible. This makes the reader get the impression that Scrooge is extremely horrible and greedy. When Dickens uses weather to describe Scrooge he makes him sound as horrible as possible, a man who has no feelings. â€Å"External heat and cold has little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, no wintry weather chill him. † Dickens suggests that no weather has an affect on him whether it's cold or hot. Scrooge is much too cold hearted to be affected by anything or anyone, no matter what time of year. Scrooge is presented as being unattractive and having no emotions. â€Å"The cold within him froze his old features,† this makes the reader think the cold from inside him has made him ugly on the outside. This description of Scrooge is made even more unpleasant when it is compared to that of Scrooges cheerful nephew. When Scrooges nephew, Fred comes to wish Scrooge a merry Christmas Scrooge replies by saying, â€Å"what reason do you have to be merry? This shows the reader that Scrooge has no respect for his nephew. It is also ironic as he thinks no poor person has anything to be merry about, But he is rich and miserable. He, like many of the rich at that time believed the poor are poor because they are lazy. When two men come to Scrooge to ask for money to give to charity he replies, â€Å"I don't make merry myself at Christmas, and I can't afford to make idle people merry. † This shows that scrooge is hard-hearted and doesn't see the poor as people but sees them as a problem. Scrooge thinks that the poor should be left to die to decrease the population as there was overcrowding in London at the time this novel was written. ‘If they would rather die' Said Scrooge, ‘they had better do it, ‘and decrease the surplus population. The miserable and gloomy mood of Scrooge is further emphasised by Dickens use of pathetic fallacy. â€Å"The fog comes pouring in at every chink and keyhole†¦ â€Å"The houses opposite were mere phantoms. † The use of pathetic fallacy creates a dull atmosphere which matches the atmosphere created by Scrooge. The use of the word ‘Phantoms' creates an even spookier atmosphere. It is almost as if what ever Scrooge is feeling he will make the same atmosphere and weather as he is feeling. In stave three Dickens describes the Market Place and the poor part of town: both give a different impression to the reader. â€Å"There were great round potbellied baskets of chest nuts, shaped like the waistcoats of jolly old gentleman,† By Dickens using this simile it makes the reader think of father Christmas because he is often described as being happy and joyful. This is effective in showing that people don't have to be rich to be joyful. This description of the market place is made even more cheerful when compared to the miserable and unpleasant, poor part of town which is shown to be a depressing and disheartening place to live. The description of the poor part of town is shown as being even more unattractive, â€Å"The people half naked, drunken, slipshod, ugly. † The comparison between the cheerful market place and the poor part of town is really important because it shows how the rich people live and how depressing the lives of poor people are. This is effective in showing people how lucky they are compared to the poor people's lifestyles. Victorian society is reflected as being greedy and non-caring and also shows the massive social divide between the rich and the poor. By the end of the novel Scrooge has completely transformed from being a bitter and miserable old sinner into a more cheerful and energetic youthful man. He used to be, â€Å"A squeezing, wrenching, clutching, covetous, old sinner! † whereas at the end of the novel he describes himself as, â€Å"I am as light as a feather. I am as happy as a school boy, I am as giddy as a drunken man. A merry Christmas to everybody! † This description of Scrooge shows that he is no longer a grumpy old man and now has changed into a much more youthful and jolly man. He no longer thinks that he is better than all poor people and that poor people can't be merry. In this section of the novel there is a lot of exclamation marks and short sentences used to show that he is peaking excitedly, this enhances the fact that he is in a happy and enthusiastic mood. This use of short sentences and exclamation marks almost makes Scrooge sound younger. In my opinion ‘A Christmas Carol' is really effective in informing the reader of the social divide between the rich and the poor during Victorian times. I think that the book would have been good at informing the rich about the appalling living standards of the poor par of town. There was no other way for the rich people to find out about this because they had never been to this part of the town. I think that Charles Dickens was trying to make everyone aware of the poverty and overcrowding the poor people were going through, he was emotionally attached because he had been through this for most of his childhood and early adulthood.

Learning To Play Piano Essay

I have always been interested in art since I was young so it did not take me too much time to decide the general area for my project. Drawing, singing or dancing have been growing with me since I was little. However, to make this project more challenging and interesting, I will try to do something I have never done before. At the end, I come up with the idea why don’t I try to learn how to play piano. Piano is a pretty popular instrument that lots of people play so I think that this is a good chance for me to start learning something new. I choose to go with this project because I have strong connection with art so somehow this will help me. Learning how to play piano is not as easy as it seems. To become successful, there are so many steps and challenges you may obstruct with. Briefly, my project will include four parts. First, I need to learn how to put my hand position correctly on the keyboard. Second, I will learn how to read the note precisely and where does it go. Third , I will start playing short music sheets to get used to moving my fingers around. And finally, the most challenging part, I will learn to play a long music sheet smoothly. Since I have been singing when I was young, I think that this will help me with reading the notes faster and understand how the melody goes throughout the music. At the end, I hope that I will not make any mistakes in playing wrong notes and everything will be fluent. However, nothing will be successful without effort. It will take a lot of time to finish this so I need to plan everything ahead and start early. As you can see, to be a good pianist, it takes people from years to years to actually play beautifully. Another obstacle is being patient. I am not a very kind of patient person so I think it will be hard for me to read all the notes slowly, also practice and practice again every day. The last problem I think that not so many people struggle with is that my fingers are really small so it is hard for me to surf on the keyboard and they are also easy to get tired. Despite all these disadvantages, I will still try my best to work on it. There are many learning goals I hope that I can achieve after finishing the project. Hopefully, I will find my interest in piano and keep playing for a long time so I can play some famous classical sheets. To achieve this, I cannot just go straight to the piano and start playing it. First of all, I need to do some research about how to play the piano such as looking up some videos people playing it. Then, I have to spend a little  time from every day to practice so by the time of presentation, I can play it beautifully. Besides the learning part, I will also look for some information about how piano has grown up throughout our lives and how it affects so many people in the world. I will also talk about some famous pianists. Since I cannot handle all of these by myself so I think that I really need someone’s help. With no doubt, my best friend, Tony, I think he will be the perfect teacher for me because he has been playing piano for about ten years. Ten years is long enough for me to believe that he will be a very good â€Å"expert†. He will help me a lot in finishing this project. In the first week, I will learn how to read the notes. Then, he will fix my hand position so that I can play the keyboard easier and more correct. He will also help me keeping the melody and beats in track and make sure that everything is going right. At the end, to make this project more special and interesting, we are going to play a song together on the piano. With all the problems we have gone through, I hope that the audience will be interested in my project. For the budget section, luckily, I have most of things are available for me. I can go the PA building because there are free pianos there for me to practice. I just need to set up my schedule to spend time going there. I may need to go to the library to borrow some books to look up some information about â€Å"how to play piano† and its history. To consider my project as â€Å"significant† I think that at least I need to achieve all the goals I have above and especially make the audience feel interested and excited after the presentation, make them actually want to learn how to play it, too. Since art is a very common area that lots of people will do so I think it is necessary that I need to make it special and unique. Although this project may not be meaningful for my long term carrier because my major is not about art, but it gives me another hobby so that I can have fun with, add beauty and entertain to my life. Playing the piano is also an excellent way to strengthen eye-hand coordination and fine motor skills, and people who take piano lessons learn a lot about discipline, dedication and the rewards of hard work. To demonstrate to the review panel that I met my learning goals, I will record everything that I did from the beginning to the end so that they can see how I have improved and what did I really achieve. Since my project takes a lot of time to finish, I need to start it early. I will spend at least an hour most of everyday to practice. First, I  need to spend hours to do the research about history of piano and how it continues throughout these years. Then, I also need to look up for the music sheets that I am going to play. As I plan, I will need to learn how to read short music sheet first, then Tony will help me with the hand position and start playing around with random notes. It might take one or two days for me to get used to it. After that, I will start with playing single notes with each hand. This may take up two or three days. Finally, I will learn how to play both hands together. I think this part is the most difficult and will take a lot of time so I will spend for the whole week to play two short easy music sheets for beginners. Then, after getting used to with everything, I will start learn how to play a longer and faster music sheet to show how much work I have put into this. I will meet up my â€Å"expert† maybe twice or three times a week so he can help me checkup things and if there is any problem, I can ask him to spend time together a lot to practice, understand each other so that we can both finish the song fluently. Since his and my study schedule at school is different so it is hard for us to find free time to study together. Therefore, I think that it will take even much longer time for us to finish studying the sheet, at least for two or three weeks. In conclusion, to make this project successful and significant, I have to spend lots of effort, courage, and time. Planning ahead is a very important thing to do so that the presentation will be finished on time. Hopefully, my project can make the audience find their interest and know more about piano. Also, for me, this project will be something meaningful and special for my life goals.

Evaluate how a selected business uses e-business Essay

Evaluate how successful a selected business organisation has been in preparing for the growing use of e-business. In this report the business I have chosen to evaluate is Tesco’s. Tesco’s is one of the largest supermarket stores around the world; it has 330,000 staff working in 3,146 stores, there are stores located in China, Turkey and Japan. Research shows that they have stores in 9 other different countries and 27 million people outside of the UK own their own club card to receive offers and discounts from Tesco’s. They sell a range of different products to suit customer’s needs. The products range from food and groceries, their own clothing brand F&F, their own mobile phone network, and also have personal banking. Tesco’s are all about making their customers happy by offering them services which can be very useful, including bank loans. There slogan ‘Every little helps’ is not just a slogan but is one of their aims, they want to mak e sure all products that they sell are at a reasonable price to meet customer’s needs. Tesco’s was originally set up as a store but opened up an online website to make it easier for customers who are unable to visit the stores, this could be due to working hours. The online website offers all products which are available in stores; they offer a delivery service and a pickup service for customers. There are strategies which Tesco’s have used to develop their E-Business, one being making a 24 hour global presence. Tesco’s online website is 24 hours; because they don’t only sell to customers in the UK they sell to customers around the world. It is important for them to have a 24 hour website for the customers in different time zones to the UK. Having a 24 hour website can benefit both customers and Tesco’s because customers who have all day jobs may not have time to make an order online during the day, having a 24 website can help them because they are then able to purchase products at night. Another strategy that Tesco’s have is; communicating with customers. Tesco’s are able to communicate with customers using the Internet and technology, they can email customers about new products they have and the products that customers have ordered to confirm their delivery. Tesco’s also use E-Marketing remixes to help develop their E-Business. E-Marketing is how the website looks in order to sell your products and services, to make it easier for customers to buy products online Tesco’s have made the website easy for all people to use. They have a previous buy items page for customers when they sign in so they  can see what they brought on their last delivery to make it easier and faster to choose what to buy. To keep up with trends and technology Tesco’s change the design of their website a couple of times a year, this is to ensure that the website always stays easy for customers to use because technology is changing constantly Tesco’s need to keep up. They have made a mobile phone website so customers are able t o buy products online using their mobile where ever they are. In order to maintain a business effectively it needs to be successful, Tesco’s have been one of the most successful companies’ worldwide selling products and opening stores in 12 different countries. Research shows that Tesco’s profits are getting higher and higher as they are developing into their new E-Business. There are many ways to now access Tesco’s which is making it easier for customers to buy from them. The Daily Mail states that Tesco’s are earning a  £105 profit each second. Other research shows that sales for Tesco’s have made it to  £10 million per week for Tesco’s online. This shows that Tesco’s is running a very effective and successful business as their profits are getting higher each year.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Maria Gaetana Agnesi - Research Paper Example The mathematic books of Agnesi contain deeper explanations and numerous examples. The books contain various methods of tackling a problem and numerous examples of the same kind question. However, the language in use is simple for learners to understand the mathematical concepts easily and encourage love of mathematics in general. Most of the textbooks currently only have few examples and a formula to solve a problem in a particular topic. This serves as a great disadvantage to students as mathematics as a subject requires numerous examples as well as different ways of solving a question (Cupillari) Agnesi had the knowledge of different languages and therefore, coming up with a simpler mathematical language was easy for her. She simplifies her books into easy language containing important details explaining the derivation of a particular mathematical formula and most importantly how to use the formula to solve a mathematical problem in the specific topic providing better option to other textbooks. Textbooks of Agnesi contain many examples in each topic providing adequate self-assessment questions for the students. The best textbooks should contain numerous examples on how to make use of a mathematical formula to solve a question. Students using Agnes i’s textbooks acquire higher grades due to the many examples in provision comparing to students using other textbooks. Numerous alternative methods are in provision in Agnesi mathematics textbooks in comparison to other mathematics textbooks. It provides choices to students on which method to master depending on the understanding of the question and the knowledge of the concept to use. This provides the opportunity of choosing a particular way of doing a question, which is rare in other textbooks (Baltimore) A cubic curve refers to an algebraic curve with the specific curve order 3. The form of shows a cubic function a cubic function is clearly shown by a polynomial function of degree 3. If

Short answer discussion for Industrial Relations in Australia Assignment

Short answer discussion for Industrial Relations in Australia - Assignment Example Within the organization, employees and management have different ways of interaction. Among the many ways in which management and employees interact within a work environment involve various variables that influence how employees and management view the work environment. Pluralism, unlike unitarism, is involved in deliberating how employees’ demands can be met at the work environment. Unitarism focuses on the welfare of the organization and both employees and management work towards meeting various goals and organization-wide objectives. For unitarism, the organization comes first and stakeholders understand that through collaborative effort, they are able to satisfy the mission and vision of the organization. Pluralism on the other hand, is richly accustomed with considering employee demands and allows employees to voice their demands. According to Marxists, the employment relationship is in many instances resembling a battle between capitalists and labor. As employers and employees interact, the Marxist view shows the inherent imbalance of power. In one sphere, the capitalists drive their businesses and organizations towards growth and development. In order for capitalists to accumulate wealth and impact the economy, policies that control how employees approach work are designed and implemented. On the other hand, labourers take the capitalist approach as problematic as it masks the freedom to make decisions and voice demands. Through the struggle for power and fair treatment, employees seek the aid of trade and labour unions in negotiating their terms to the employers/capitalists. In Australia, the role played by state agencies as parties to employee relations include, but it is not limited to, the proposal and implementation of protective laws to ensure that employers and employees can shed of some of the industrial disputes registered between 1890s and 1990s. From